Management

The primary objective of this research was to investigate the impact of new social media on the marketing of sports products in Iran. The research utilized a qualitative and applied methodology, focusing on experts in sports marketing and sports management professors as the research population. Data from interviews were analyzed through three stages of coding: open, central, and selective. Within the context of Internet marketing in sports, several key issues emerged, including the absence of a dedicated authority for Internet sports marketing, instability in sports management, lack of comprehensive regulations, and underutilization of Internet marketing in sports business processes. Traditional methods persisted despite economic challenges. The study concluded that the absence of a specific authority for Internet marketing in sports leads to confusion, improper monitoring, and potentially harmful marketing practices. Establishing consistent regulations is crucial to the development and institutionalization of Internet marketing in the sports industry.

Illegal fishing is one of the biggest problems currently being faced from various existing marine and fishery activity problems. The fishing ground in other countries has started to run out, while the abundance of fish in the Indonesian seas makes foreign fishermen tempted to exploit fish in the Indonesian sea illegally, especially in the areas around the coast of Riau province, for example, in the Kabupaten of Meranti. This research with the systematic literature review method attempted to analyze how Indonesia's strategies and policies are in maintaining the defense of the border areas to prevent illegal fishing in the coastal waters of Riau Province in a sustainable manner using a systems approach. The results of the study stated that the occurrence of illegal fishing is also triggered by the need and demand for certain fish stocks that have high economic value, especially those consumed by visitors of expensive restaurants overseas.

Performance management is a systematic approach that helps to improve the organization's performance through the processes of setting strategic goals, measuring, collecting, and analyzing data, reviewing performance data reports, and applying its results. An evaluation and monitoring system in the form of performance management At the macro level, which monitors the upstream documents, development plans, etc. in the form of one-year or even fewer time schedules, and provides the necessary feedback to pave the way to achieve the vision at different structural and management levels, one of the necessities which is currently the main question of the research entitled "Which is the appropriate model for managing the performance of managers?". To achieve this goal, the factors were identified using a qualitative and quantitative combined approach. In the qualitative phase of the Systematic literature method (SLR) and Delphi technique. The articles and documents selected in the systematic literature method (SLR) were evaluated in terms of quality through the CASP method. Based on the findings, 6 factors were identified as effective factors on performance. Managers were identified as external organizational factors - internal organizational factors - individual factors - input elements - performance management processes - results. Each of these factors has been used separately or in combination in various articles and research.

Since its establishment, the Islamic Republic of Iran has faced various political challenges. In some instances, certain crises appeared sufficient to topple the regime, yet through crisis management by Iran''''''''s leaders, conditions eventually led to the stabilization of the revolution. The present study aims to explore the methods of the Supreme Leader and the model for addressing the political challenges of the Islamic Republic. The main research question is: ‘Does the Supreme Leader have a comprehensive model for managing political crises?’ To this aim was used qualitative-descriptive method, employing document analysis and targeted sampling through interviews with experts. Content analysis of these interviews has also been conducted to identify the components of the research. Results: The study of methods and actions within the framework of crisis leadership was conducted based on indicators of control, mobilization, spiritual influence, and informed management of events. After interviews with experts, the findings were categorized into four levels: Preventive measures and challenge identification, decision-making, confrontation and management of challenges and crises, shaping awareness and conceptualization, learning, and delineating crisis lessons. Key components include: Macro-level policymaking, information assessment and awareness, management of destabilizing events, decisive confrontation with crisis-inducing factors and conditions, leadership of public opinion, clarification of citizens’ and institutions’ responsibilities, utilization of the spiritual influence of the Supreme Leader, discourse formation, conceptualization, education, foresight, and further elaboration.

The present study aims to evaluate the sustainability of water resources management among wheat farmers in the villages of Maragheh City in Iran. This study is applied research conducted using a survey method. The statistical population includes all irrigated wheat farmers in Maragheh City (N=240). According to Krejcie and Morgan's table, the statistical sample size is estimated to be 149. The samples are selected using the stratified sampling method. A correlation test and a multiple regression analysis are used to analyze the data and the Radar is used to assess the sustainability of agricultural water resources management. The results indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between the farmers' application of measures related to sustainable water resources management and their attitudes toward sustainable water resources management, agronomic, economic, educational-extensional, policy-making, and institutional factors, the area under cultivation, and income. Moreover, there is an inverse and significant relationship between the farmers' application of measures related to sustainable water resources management and membership in rural organizations. The results of multiple regression analysis, which is used to investigate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable (the application of measures related to sustainable water resources management in agriculture) show that five variables of economic, educational-extensional, social, and agronomic factors and farmers' attitudes toward sustainable water resources management explain about 63% of the variance of the dependent variable. From the perspective of irrigated wheat farmers in Maragheh City, the sustainability of agricultural water resources management is evaluated to be at a moderate level according to the total scores obtained for them.

Letter to the Editor

Purpose: This study aims to develop a comprehensive model for performance improvement management among educational group managers by identifying critical factors and components that influence managerial effectiveness in educational settings. Methodology: The research adopts a descriptive-survey methodology, with a statistical population comprising 400 educational group managers from Islamic Azad University in Tehran. Using the Morgan table, a sample of 196 participants was randomly selected. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on an exploratory factor analysis approach with LISREL software. Validity was assessed using composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha, with additional evaluations through Bartlett's test and KMO measure. Findings: The analysis identified six significant factors affecting performance improvement management: continuous monitoring and evaluation (R = .67, t = 9.56), knowledge management (R = .58, t = 8.27), professional development (R = .61, t = 8.70), empowerment (R = .89, t = 13.12), professional ethics (R = .71, t = 15.81), and managerial role (R = .69, t = 9.85). These factors encompass 25 specific components, such as planning, educational needs assessment, knowledge sharing, self-development skills, cognitive support, and strategic planning ability, all demonstrating significant factor loadings (p < .001). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of structured and continuous management practices in educational settings. Emphasizing continuous monitoring, effective knowledge management, professional development, empowerment, ethical standards, and strong managerial roles can significantly enhance the performance of educational group managers. These insights provide a robust framework for educational institutions to improve their management strategies and achieve better organizational outcomes.

This article identifies the factors for managing the behavioral resilience of a firm in the face of exogenous shocks in the economy. Its main hypothesis is that each enterprise has certain resilience competencies that need to be strengthened and developed in the future. The paper identifies 17 key competencies that determine the behavioral resilience of an enterprise. Using the method of factor analysis, a model of behavioral resilience is built, which is used to support management decision-making.  The factor model of behavioral resilience SELF&IRR includes 7 competencies: S – Speed of response to processes and events; E – Endurance; L – Leadership; F – Flexibility; I – Innovation, ideas, ingenuity; R – Responsibility; R – Resource capabilities. This model can be used to determine the level of behavioral resilience, based on which a decision is made on the choice of the enterprise's strategy. Depending on the level of behavioral resilience, the management staff decides on the choice of a certain strategy (systemic transformation; structural transformation; local changes in the firm's competencies; adaptation of competencies to changes), which is aimed at strengthening the firm's viability and development. The successful execution of a chosen strategy enhances the firm's capacity to withstand current and future threats while actively seeking or purposefully creating new opportunities for development.

The current paper reviews the present literature in the most known scientific databases in the management and business fields about artificial intelligence (AI) and digital transformation within organizations. The main objective is to extract related research axes and uncover gaps in this emergent topic. The methodology used is a systematic literature review with RStudio software based on 36 selected papers from the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases in the period of 2019-2024. The main axes identified are AI potential for organizations’ performance, innovation and AI potentials, and AI adoption determinants. Regarding the discussion and analysis of the results, future directions are projected to cover all sides of digital transformation through AI tools. The main contribution of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners with current advancements and changes in Al tools utilized to facilitate digital transformation within evolving economic and social landscapes for companies.

Purpose: The primary objective of this research was to integrate ChatGPT, an advanced artificial intelligence language model, into distance science education. By addressing the specific challenges inherent in online learning environments, this study aims to investigate how technological advancements, such as ChatGPT, can effectively enhance the management and overall quality of distance education experiences. Method: This qualitative, exploratory study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications of ChatGPT in distance science education. This study identifies the various interactions that can occur in distance education and describes and evaluates the input and output instructions associated with each interaction. The chat bot used is https://chatbot.theb.ai and A biology tutoring platform uses ChatGPT to provide personalized support to students working on biology issues or concepts. Findings: Based on the results, the artificial intelligence can play an important role in improving distance science education. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of developing metacognitive skills among learners and encourages educators to seek professional development opportunities to enhance the quality and engagement of distance science education. This study emphasizes the need for careful planning, research, design, evaluation, management, and responsible application of AI technology in distance education. Conclusion: This study was concluded that ChatGPT could be very useful for both learners and educators in distance education. This research showcases the innovative results facilitated by ChatGPT and provides valuable insights and practical guidance for educators, researchers, and policy makers on the effective use of AI technologies in distance science education.

Etisalat is a global business which currently operates in 16 countries across the Middle East, Asia and Africa, and as one of the 25 leading global telecoms companies, the management team has identified Nigeria, the largest black Nation on earth as a strategic opportunity to increase both its brand perception and returns to its shareholders. This piece, written based on few frameworks and models to provide an analytical recommendation to the leadership of Etisalat on how to penetrate the market, and also sustain its presence despite the monopolistic competition. The report provides an insight into a business case establishing the growth of LTE subscriptions in the market and also provides a macroeconomic analysis of the business environment of the Nigerian market. The popular SWOT analysis framework guided the critics of the status and capability of Etisalat as a global business, providing insight to its competitive advantages and its area of development as a brand. One identified opportunity for Etisalat, among many others, is the strong governmental and public relations capability of Etisalat which is considered a strategic opportunity to grow its presence in the region. The report also analyzed the economy of the country from a macro and more objective perspective. Identifying key challenges and strategic case for why Etisalat would succeed in Nigeria despite the obvious challenges. Identifying FDI in the telecoms industry as a growing area, the country has been able to help service businesses attract more infrastructural investment which has also reduced the cost of operation at scale. Finally, the piece provides critical short-term and long-term recommendations with an implementation plan which further identifies areas of immediate opportunities

Physical exercise is well-known for its systemic health benefits, particularly in cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, its role in ocular health is an emerging area of interest. This review explores the current evidence on how regular physical activity can prevent and manage various eye diseases, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and cataracts. The underlying mechanisms, such as improved ocular blood flow, reduced intraocular pressure (IOP), and enhanced metabolic control, are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how exercise contributes to maintaining eye health.

In today’s world of competitions, the concepts of branding and market management are accompanied by brand and branding. Branding is the only way to stay in sustainable and profitable business in the market. As an identity provider for a product or a service, the brand represents the quality of the product and the service, as well as the commitment of the provider. It finally leads to an increase in economic value and an expansion of commercial activities out of geographical border. This research aims are to investigate branding strategies and pistachio products exporting as a strategic and beneficial agricultural product of Iran. To examine this aim, the SWOT model is used to analyze weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats. Delphi model is employed to examine group opinions and consensus-building. The results indicated that ‘high quality of pistachio in Iran’ and ‘existence of various types’ are the most critical strength points and ‘poor modern marketing technique’s acquaintance of exporters’ and ‘not recognition of various cultural tastes and features and global standards’ are the main weaknesses. The key opportunities are ‘global fame of Iranian pistachio’ and ‘existence of various global markets’. ‘Emphasis on the branding on rival countries’ and ‘‘neglecting foreign customers’ needs’’ are the main threats in this research. The results of internal and external factors’ investigation matrices revealed that according to the final total record of internal and external factors, W-O Strategies is the strategy for branding and exporting pistachio in Iran.