درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Late diagnosis and treatment of congenital hip dysplasia (CHD) can cause many problems in a person's daily life.   Aim: Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of therapeutic exercises and education on parents’ weight bearing, range of motion, joint stability, and disease complications in 4-10-year-old children with congenital hip dysplasia. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design on 40 children with CHD in two groups of 20 people: therapeutic exercises and education. The training program of the therapeutic exercises group was done on a middle day for 8 weeks from 60 to 90 min in each session. Also in the training group, parents were taught about the correct methods of sitting, standing, and lying down. Before and after the intervention, the subjects were evaluated by the researcher in terms of performance indicators. These indicators were evaluated with specialized tests (weight bearing with standing flexion test, range of motion with stork test, and joint stability with sitting test). The analysis of variance was used to compare the differences between groups in terms of the effect on the indicators. Results: Based on the findings, the difference between the two groups of therapeutic exercises and education to parents was significant in weight-bearing and range of motion (P=0.000 and P=0.000), but in hip joint stability and disease complications, no significant difference was observed (P=0.269 and P=0.163). Conclusion: Considering the greater effectiveness of the therapeutic exercises, it is suggested to design a codified program in the physical education program of U10 children to correct skeletal abnormalities, especially hip dysplasia.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of swimming training on negative emotional states in male university students. Male university students aged 18 to 25 were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (15 people) or a control group (15 people). Negative emotional states were tested using the depression, anxiety, and stress scales (DASS) (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995). Differences over time between the experimental and control groups were assessed by 2×2 (group by time) repeated-measures analysis of variance. The mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress significantly improved post-intervention in both groups, but the level of significance was higher in the experimental group. Therefore, it can be said that swimming training had a significant impact on improving negative emotional states in male university students. So, swimming training and the use of physical and sports activities for young people can help to improve and reduce the level of negative emotional states such as depression, anxiety, and stress in these people and even strengthen positive emotions in them.

Effective strategic leadership entails the implementation of diverse management strategies to develop a forward-looking perspective for the organization. Such a perspective enables the organization to adjust and remain competitive in a continuously changing economic and technological environment. This study aimed to design a strategic leadership model for sports federations in Iran. This study was applied in terms of purpose and adopted a mixed method with an exploratory approach. The statistical population of the qualitative study consisted of experts in the field of sports federations who were selected purposefully, and finally,  14 experts were selected as the research participants based on data saturation approach. The statistical population in the quantitative phase included 319 subjects (president, vice-president, secretary, and three members of the Board of Directors of sports federations) selected through stratified random sampling. The research data collection tool in the qualitative phase was a semi-structured interview whereas, in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed from interviews' data. Data in the qualitative phase were analyzed using experts’ points of view, and in the quantitative phase, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, divergent and convergent validity, and structural equation tests were used. Moreover, the face, content, and construct validity of the instrument were confirmed. Finally, the model of strategic leadership of sport federations was presented with seven factors including strategic orientation, human resources development, learning strategy, team leadership, strategic control, effective interaction culture, and ethical strategy.

We have reviewed the coaches' role in German talent identification and development football programs and followed the qualitative meta-synthesis method with Sadowski and Barroso's approach. We verified 56 documents and extracted 695 nonrepetitive open codes and 135 concepts. We showed that coaches' roles in a talent program consists of Competency, Leadership, and Organizational components. Competency components include selection, training, coaching, and performance. Leadership components include Technical and DFB & DFL. Finally, the Organizational components comprise the Double Pass, coordinators, and DFBnet. Properly organizing and equilibrium between these three parts can leverage and lead to successful coaches and the program. According to the critical role of alent programs and coaches in sports development, setting up national TID and TDE programs, especially in sports, are very important. Implementing a large-scale project with various criteria is complex; because it requires high cooperation, mutual understanding, and national determination. Many employees are involved in such systems with instrumental, scientific, experimental, and specialized aspects.

Background: In the past few years, the increasing importance of the impact of exercise on physical and mental health has caused mobility wave around the world. Nevertheless, in Iran, a few people participate in physical activities. Aim: This study aimed to assess the reasons of nonparticipation in physical activity in Iran. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive and analytical approach conducted as a field study. The population of this research includes all people in Iran. Results: The results revealed that this factors are effective: three factors in individual characteristics variable (lack of sports skills, fatigue and impatience, fear of injury), four factors in inhibitor variable (lack of access to sports facilities and venues, poor quality of sports facilities and venues, being too busy, low income), four factors in environmental driving variable (lack of proper planning for sports, lack of awareness of the advantage of sport activities, feeling embarrassed after the loss, low number of exclusive sports facilities) and two factors in sports features variable (fear of winning and losing in sports, high intensity and duration of sport activities). Conclusion: Findings indicated that the environmental variable and inhibitor variable were more effective than two other variables, hence authorities and planners should pay more attention to these obstacles and problems with better management and provision of infrastructure facilities. These problems must be solved and strategies must be developed for promotion of sports in the country.

Background: Neuromuscular training (NMT) and supplementation with essential minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) may enhance muscular reaction time (RT) and electromechanical delay (EMD). However, research on this topic, particularly among taekwondo athletes, is limited.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NMT and Cal-Mg-Zn supplementation on RT and EMD in taekwondo athletes.Materials and Methods: Sixty athletes from a single taekwondo club in Tabriz, Iran, were randomly assigned to four groups of fifteen: Control, Ca-Mg-Zn, NMT, and Cal-Mg-Zn + NMT. NMT was conducted in 60 min sessions, four times a week, for six consecutive weeks, prior to main taekwondo training. RT and EMD were measured using electromyography before the intervention (T1), three weeks after (T2), and six weeks after (T3). Data were analyzed using SPSS with a confidence level greater than 0.95, employing repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests.Results: No significant differences in RT and EMD were observed among the groups at baseline (P> 0.05). In both post-test assessments, the Cal-Mg-Zn + NMT group exhibited significantly lower RT and EMD compared to the other groups (P< 0.05).Conclusion: The inclusion of NMT with zinc supplementation can effectively improve RT and EMD, thereby enhancing the athletic performance of taekwondo athletes.