professional learning communities

هدف این پژوهش بررسی چالش های جوامع حرفه ای در مدارس ابتدایی تهران و ارائه راهکارهایی برای ایجاد آن بود. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از روش شناسی آمیخته است. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه 13064 نفر معلمان دوره ابتدایی در سال تحصیلی 98-97 می باشد. در بخش کمی، بر اساس جدول کرجسی - مورگان، حجم نمونه 370 نفر به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه های چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند. در بخش کیفی با 20 معلم ممتاز به صورت هدفمند مصاحبه شد. پرسشنامه «ارزیابی جامعه حرفه ای» توسط الیور و همکاران. و از پرسشنامه پاسخ باز نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده شد. روایی و صوری پرسشنامه کمی توسط پنج نفر از خبرگان ارزیابی شد و روایی پرسشنامه باز با سه روش کنترل سوءتفاهم از مداخلات پاسخگویان با درگیری طولانی مدت با تحقیق، کنترل بیرونی تحقیق تضمین شده است. توسط ناظر خنثی و نظرات شرکت کنندگان در مورد یافته ها و تفاسیر در یک گروه تحقیقات. برای پایایی نامه بسته، مقدار قابل قبول آلفای کرونباخ 89/0 و در پرسشنامه باز ضریب توافق کاپا بین شرکت های پرسش 83/0 به دست آمد. یافته ها نشان داد که تفاوت بین مدارس ابتدایی در جوامع حرفه ای وضعیت و وضعیت مطلوب در تمامی مولفه ها معنادار و پایین تر از سطح مطلوب است.

The present review aims at designing and validating a model of Professional Learning Community for the technical and vocational schools of the upper secondary level.This research is conducted through a qualitative approach and applies the method of Grounded Theory. A Targeted Selection approach was applied for selecting the documents, including all academic sources related to the subject, which constituted the research statistical population of the study. Sixty titles were selected. In addition, Chain Sampling, one of the methods of Targeted Sampling was applied to select the individuals for the interviews and validation sections. Using the Theoretical Saturation method, seventeen individuals for designing the model and for the first phase of validation and forty-two individuals for the second phase of the validation (which assesses the extent to which the model can be executed) participated. Also, the data collection methods employed in each phase included a Semi-Structured Interview for the first phase and a Researcher-Made Questionnaire for the second phase. For analyzing the documents, Qualitative Content Analysis and for analyzing the interview transcripts Inductive Analysis and the coding of Grounded Theory was applied. Results: The results demonstrated that the structure of the professional learning community includes 21 elements that were identified. The model is delineated in 5 steps Plan, Establish, Implement, Modify and Assess, and is validated in two phases. Validation results illustrated a remarkable degree of consistency between the interviewees in the first (structure and elements of the model) and the second (the degree to which the model is executable) phases

     In organizational interactions and communities, professional learning communities have gained more attention from managers due to their sustainable benefits for human resources and organizations, which contribute to growth and development. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation based on structural equations as a method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all primary school teachers in District Two of Urmia, totaling 1,236 individuals. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table, resulting in a selection of 291 individuals. A cluster random sampling method was employed. Data were collected based on four questionnaires: Brown et al.'s (2005) Ethical Leadership Questionnaire, Hu et al.'s (2015) Professional Learning Communities Questionnaire, Eisenberg et al.'s (2001) Normative Commitment Questionnaire, and Jangman et al.'s (2005) Teacher Decision-Making Participation Questionnaire, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.91, 0.91, 0.87, and 0.85, respectively. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by experts and through SPSS analysis. Data analysis was conducted using Smart PLS 3 software. The results indicated that ethical leadership has a positive and significant impact on professional learning communities, and normative commitment plays a mediating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and professional learning communities. However, participation in decision-making does not play a moderating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and professional learning communities.

Despite the importance of continuous professional development for schools principals, researches show that their professional development approaches need to be review and move towards programs based on collective learning. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to provide a model for professional learning communities of elementary school principals. The present study was conducted using the qualitative research method of grounded theory and interviews with a targeted sample, including 29 key informants (15 university professors and 14 school principals) with relevant research records. The interviews were analyzed using the coding methods of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Four criteria of data authenticity, transferability, reliability and verifiability were used to check the validity of the data. After conducting interviews and open, axial and selective coding; The research results showed 18 general selection codes including causal conditions (collective learning culture; feeling the need for collective learning; leadership and management styles), contextual conditions (dynamic and flexible organizational structure; infrastructures and facilities; empathy and common goals; Encouraging principals towards learning communities), intervening conditions (teaching soft skills; suitable time and place for meetings related to communities; management knowledge; correct plan and program), central phenomenon (professional learning communities), Strategies for developing professional learning communities (suitable work space; professional learning; the existence of a supportive policy for learning communities; modeling of the experiences of successful schools) and consequences (organizational consequences; student success; professional development of teachers) that reflected the pattern of professional learning communities of primary school principals and the relationships between its different dimensions.