درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Aim: The Aim of study was to investigate the effect of deception for intensity of exercise on fatigue in female students.Methods: Sixteen subjects were selected randomly among 30 students who volunteered to participate in the study and they performed maximal exercise test (Bruce) in two states. In the first state, the increase in exercise intensity during steps of Bruce test was correctly announced to the subjects, but in the second state, they were dictated that the increase in exercise intensity was less than in the first state. Dependent variables were measured at the end of the test and the data were compared with paired t-test using SPSS 23.Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference for median frequency of rectus femoris muscle (p=0.043), maximium heart rate of the subjects at the end of Bruce test (p=0.001) and time to reach exhaustion (p=0.001) between the first state in which the actual increase in exercise intensity during steps of Bruce test was announced to the subjects and the second state in which they were dictated that the increase in exercise intensity, was less than the first state. However, no significant difference was observed for median frequency of vastus medialis (p=0.736) and vastus lateralis (p=0.762) muscles, as well as for rate of perceived exertion (p=1.000). Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that by deception for intensity of exercise during maximal exercise test, the amount of fatigue can be reduced and the time to reach fatigue can be increased.

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the uses of harmful smartphones and externalizing problems with the mediating role of self-control in a sample of self-harming teenagers. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all teenage boys and girls of Yazd city were between July and October in 2022-23 in Yazd, Iran. Researchers selected clinics based on convenience methods and randomly selected self-harming teenagers. The data collection tool were Cell Phone Addiction Scale (CAC), Self-control Questionnaire (CSQ), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBC). Results: The results showed that the use of harmful smartphones had a direct and significant effect on aggressive behavior among self-harming teenagers (β=0.387, P=0.001). Similarly, the use of harmful smartphones had a direct and significant effect on the law-breaking behavior among self-harming teenagers (β=0.297; P=0.022). Also, self-control had a negative and significant effect on aggressive behavior (β=-0.54; P<0.01). In addition, self-control had a negative and significant effect on law-breaking behavior (β=-0.497; P<0.01). In the end, the results of the research showed that self-control had a negative and significant mediating role in the relationship between the use of harmful smartphones and externalizing problems in self-harming teenagers. Conclusion: Findings from this research indicate that teenagers who demonstrate good self-control may experience fewer behavioral difficulties and have a reduced tendency to harm themselves, regardless of their harmful smartphone usage. Findings have emphasized that greater attention should be given to assisting teenagers in developing their self-control capabilities.

Aim the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of time perspective treatment on health-related quality of life and Health Locus of Control for patients with Type 2 diabetes with sexual dysfunction. Methods: the current research method was Semi experiment and its design was pre-test post-test with the control group. The statistical community of this study formed all patients with Type 2 diabetes with sexual dysfunction visiting the Persian diabetes clinic in Mashhad in 2024. 30 of these people were selected by targeted non-random sampling and and replaced in two experimental and control groups randomly. The experimental group underwent time perspective treatment for 6 sessions of 60 Minutes, and the control group underwent a waiting list. Health-related quality of life tests (1992) and Health Locus of Control Elston et al. (1978) were used to collect data in both pre-test and post-test stages. Raw data were analysed by the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test in SPSS 24 software. Results: the results showed that after controlling the effects of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the two Test and control groups in variables on health-related quality of life and Health Locus of Control of patients with Type 2 diabetes with sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: time perspective treatment affects health-related quality of life and Health Locus of Control for patients with Type 2 diabetes with sexual dysfunction.

Aim: This study was conducted with the aim of effecting of dialectical behavior therapy in reducing negative perfectionism in perfectionist girls. Method: In this research, a quantitative single-subject test method with an A-B baseline was used. A statistical sample of 3 students aged 16-19 years old, from teenage girls, were selected by a purposive sampling method, through interviews, and Frost's perfectionism questionnaire (1990). Based on 3 baseline plans, the intervention was started. After performing three baseline measures, the intervention phase started with the implementation of dialectical behavior therapy. In the intervention phase, dialectical behavior therapy instruction was held with a preliminary session and 10 weekly one-hour therapy sessions, and skills related to research were taught. Finding: The analysis of the findings using graphical analysis showed that dialectical behavior therapy was effective in reducing the negative perfectionism of perfectionist girls. Conclusion: The results of the research indicated that dialectical behavior therapy is effective in reducing the negative perfectionism of teenagers. Therefore, it is suggested that the dialectical behavior therapy method be used for teenagers.

Aim: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relationship Enhancement (MBRE) and Emotion Focused (EFT) therapies on marital satisfaction and intimacy in couples with low self-disclosure. Method: This research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all the couples who referred to the counseling centers of Kermanshah, Iran, in 2022-2023 who had a low level of self-disclosure. 30 couples were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The first experimental group underwent MBRE (eight 90-minute couple sessions) and the second experimental group EFT intervention (nine 90-minute couple sessions). The control group did not receive any intervention. The Marital Self-Disclosure (Waring et al. 1998), the short form of the Marital Satisfaction (Favers and Olson, 1993) and the Intimacy (Walker and Thompson, 1983) scales were used for collecting the data. Results: The results of Analysis of Variance with repeated measures (Mixed Model) showed that both interventions increased marital satisfaction and intimacy (p<0.01) and this effect was maintained during the follow-up period. Also, findings indicated that there is a significant difference between MBRE and EFT therapies; MBRE has been more effective in increasing marital satisfaction and intimacy than EFT (p<0.05). Conclusion: MBRE has been more effective than the EFT on solving the marital satisfaction and intimacy due to the involvement of couples in mind-body relationship and mental self-awareness. Therefore, this treatment is suggested to marital counselors.

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy based on mentality in reducing feelings of loneliness and depression, as well as improving self-concept, among single women over 40 years of age in Khorramabad. Methods: This study employed a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements, including experimental and control groups. The statistical population consisted of all single women over the age of 40 who had never been married as of 2022. A random sampling method was used to select 30 participants. The instruments used for data collection included the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Self-Concept Scale. The intervention consisted of schema therapy based on mentality. Results: The results from both multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance indicated that the schema therapy based on mentality had a significant impact on reducing feelings of loneliness and depression and improving self-concept (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that schema therapy based on mentality effectively reduces feelings of loneliness and depression while enhancing the self-concept of single women.

Aim: The Ethical and Legal Issues Self-Efficacy in Counseling (ELICSES) has been developed to evaluate counselors' and psychologists' self-efficacy in ethical and legal issues. Psychometric properties of the ELICSES in Iranian counselors and psychologists remain a largely unexplored realm. Method: The present study, therefore, seeks to translate the scale from English to Persian while also investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ELICSES. Online sampling was utilized to collect data from four hundred and forty-seven counselors, psychologists, and trainees who participated in the study. Ethical and Legal Issues in the Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale and Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale were used in the study. Results: The results of face (all items earned greater than 1.5 except one item (1.2)), content (overall CVI > 0.79, CVR > 0.62), and construct validity (CMIN=3.65, CFI=0.922, RMSE=0.45; also AVE> .5 and CR> .7) indicated that the ELICSES held appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirm the three factors of the ELICSES among Iranian counselors, psychologists, and trainees. Conclusion: These results suggested the validity and reliability of the ELICSES in evaluating self-efficacy when it comes to ethical and legal issues among Iranian counselors, psychologists, and trainees

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of developing a pre-marriage educational package based on the concepts of Sternberg's theory on love stories in single girls. Method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose, quasi-experimental in terms of research method, and pre-test-post-test with control group and follow-up stage in terms of research design. The statistical population of this research was made up of people who referred to Haft Sange Zendegi Educational Institute in 2023. Before conducting the training classes, both groups (including the intervention group and the control group) were evaluated with the research measurement tool. Then, for the intervention group, the film therapy program based on Sternberg's concepts was implemented in the amount of 25 sessions of two hours per hour. Results: According to the findings, the asymmetric story variable (P=0.861), thematic story variable (P<0.001), participatory story variable (P<0.001), narrative type story variable (P=0.863), genre story variable (P=0.976) There was no significant difference between the two experimental and control groups during the pre-test. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the two experimental and control groups during the pre-test (P=0.351), but there was a significant difference between the two post-test and follow-up periods between the control and experimental groups (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between post-test and follow-up in the thematic story variable (P=0.232). Likewise, there was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up in the story variable (P=0.548). Conclusion: This study is unique in Iran as it involves premarital counseling based on movies.

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of addiction to social networks in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and depression. Method: The current research was a correlational and structural equation type. The statistical population of the research included all male and female undergraduate, master's and doctoral students of Gilan University who were studying in 1400-1401. 304 people were selected by random sampling method and answered questionnaires of addiction to mobile based social networks (AMQBSN), dissatisfaction with body image (BICI) and depression (BDI-II). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS-27 and SMART-PLS-3 statistical software. Finding: The results of structural equations showed that body dissatisfaction has a direct and significant effect on depression. Also, addiction to social networks has a direct effect on depression. Addiction to social networks plays a mediating role in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and depression. Result: As a result, the value of the goodness of fit (GOF) is equal to 0/24 which, by comparing it with acceptable values for GOF, shows the average fit of the model. According to the results of the present study, the expansion of the use of social networks, especially among students, has provided a platform for addiction, which increases dissatisfaction with body image, which leads to depression.