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Today, sports diplomacy with different countries is one way to develop the sport at an international level. The current paper was conducted with the approach of improving the diplomacy of sports federations of Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The paper is qualitative, applied, and was carried out using Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology in 2022. Moreover, Participants in the research included individuals related to the subject. Furthermore, the sampling method was purposeful, and until the extraction of completely non-repeated strategies from the interviews; 21 interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner. Factors affecting the improvement of the diplomacy of the sports federations of Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf consist of 75 primary strategies in the form of 11 main categories including: media content, behavioral norms, infrastructure development, management strategy, political dimensions, security dimensions, sports interactions, international solidarity, sports communication, national prestige, and educational experiences. Some of the solutions identified include benefitting from popular social networks such as Instagram to share common content with Arabic language sports pages, no provocative interviews by athletes and coaches, preventing spectators from chanting racist slogans, facilitating the entry conditions of Arab spectators in international sports competitions in Iran and mutual support of the sports federations in Iran and Arab states of the Persian Gulf to the sports representatives of the Middle East region in sports events at the world level.

The study aimed to examine the gender-adjusted impact of personality factors on the motivations of e-sports participants. Descriptive research was conducted using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 763 individuals (599 men and 164 women) selected through simple random sampling, with statistical power set at 80% and a significance level of 0.01. The research variables, including participation structure and personality traits, were measured using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) short-form questionnaire (Gassling et al., 2003) and the Motivational Participation Questionnaire` of Cianfrone et al. (2011). The findings supported all research hypotheses regarding the personality traits and motivations of e-sports players, even after adjusting for gender. The results indicated that brunerism, consensus, duty, psychology, and acceptance of experience were significant motivators for e-sports players, and the gender-adjusted analysis confirmed the research hypotheses in both male and female groups. Therefore, considering the personalities of e-sports players in sports marketing can enhance their engagement, as their motivations to participate are influenced by their traits.

Visually impaired individuals have higher risk of injuries particularly in sports like goalball. It is specifically designed for the visually impaired people. It is imperative to prevent injuries prior to their occurrence for avoiding negative effects on sporting success, financial losses, and motivation. This study was aimed to determin the Epidemiology and Associated Factors of Sports Injuries in Iranian Goalball Athletes. This study is a descriptive-correlational and retrospective research. A total of 205 male and female goalball athletes, aged between 18 and 50 years, completed the injury registration form. The Fuller et al. injury registration form was utilized for data collection. The information gathered included injury prevalence, injury mechanisms, injury severity, injury incidence across different anatomical regions, injury timing (training/competition), and injury type (acute or chronic). Frequency and percentage were used to assess injury prevalence, and the Chi-square test was employed to analyze relationships between variables. The highest prevalence of injuries was related to contusions and bruises (28.3%), while fractures and dislocations had the lowest prevalence (3.9%). No significant relationship was found between sports injury prevalence and factors such as age group, activity history, activity level, and sports class. The knee exhibited the highest frequency of local and overall anatomical injuries (19.5%), while the sole of the foot had the lowest frequency (1.0%). The most common types of injuries were facial and cheek abrasions, cuts, and wounds (8.3%), followed by wrist and shoulder muscle strains, each affecting 15 athletes (7.3%). Regarding injury mechanisms, the most fre

Intellectual impairment is one of the most common mental disorders associated with impaired balance and impaired motor performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of game-based intervention on postural control and motor performance in children with intellectual impairment. The population of this study was all of the intellectual impaired girls of Tehran and Mashhad City, and sample consisted of 20 educable intellectual impaired girls, who were healthy physically and voluntarily participated in this research. The subjects were randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups (n=10). The experimental groups had six weeks of game-based intervention with two sessions per week. During this period, the control group control group engaged in the routine activities of the physical education class. The Timed Up and GO and Stork tests were done as pre-posttest, respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive and analysis of independent T-test. The findings showed that the implementation of the six-week exercise program led to improvements in static balance (P=0.001) and motor performance (P=0.001) of the participants in the game group compared to the control group. The findings of the study underline the importance of early, structured interventions for children with mild intellectual disabilities, particularly those based on game. Such interventions not only improve motor performance and balance but also contribute to overall physical, cognitive, and social development. Given the positive impact of game-based interventions, they should be integrated into rehabilitation and educational programs for children with intellectual disabilities to support their development and improve their quality of life.

This research was conducted with the aim of integrating practical and theoretical strategies to enhance the motivation for sports participation among workers. The design of this research was cross-sectional and correlational. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all employees of Iranol Oil Company in Tehran in 2020, totaling 890 individuals. Among them, 261 were selected based on the Krejcie and Morgan table using the available sampling method. In this study, the tools used were the Sports Participation Motivation Scale (Gill et al., 1984), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2006), and the Subjective Vitality Scale (Ryan and Frederick, 1997). Additionally, structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings indicated that the model had a good fit. Accordingly, the findings showed that in the final model, the standardized path coefficients for adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation on sports participation motivation were 0.17 and -0.40, respectively. Therefore, the skill of emotion regulation (practical strategy) was significant in the relationship between the feeling of vitality (theoretical strategy) and sports participation motivation. Using the results obtained from the developed model of sports participation motivation, a foundation is laid for creating practical programs to improve the inclination towards sports participation among various segments of the population. Additionally, implementing interventions to educate individuals on learning emotion regulation strategies through changes in cognition and behavior to achieve greater self-regulation provides a practical basis for increasing sports participation. Ultimately, focusing on enhancing community vitality serves as a theoretical approach to reducing maladaptive emotion regulation, thereby fostering the growth of sports participation motivation.

Visual impairment significantly impacts physical activity participation, often leading to reduced fitness levels among affected individuals. This study aims to compare the physical fitness characteristics of male and female goalball athletes aged 14-20 years, a critical developmental period for performance enhancement. A total of 100 athletes (50 male, 50 female) were assessed for strength, endurance, power, flexibility, and balance through various standardized tests. Results indicated significant differences in hand grip strength, medicine ball throw distance, vertical jump, and balance, with males outperforming females (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in push-up and sit-up performance, suggesting comparable endurance capabilities across genders. These findings underscore the necessity for gender-specific training regimens to address identified disparities, particularly in strength and power. The study contributes to a limited body of literature on the physical fitness of goalball players and highlights implications for inclusive training strategies that enhance athletic performance regardless of gender. Future research should explore the correlation between physical fitness attributes and on-court performance metrics to further inform coaching practices.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a significant contributor to mortality in diabetic patients. Despite the potential benefits of concomitant and complementary training in diabetic patients, there is a paucity of evidence in this area.Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training in conjunction with a hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit of Qaraqat on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in the heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods: 24 male rats aged 8 weeks were diabetic with a high-fat diet (60%) and streptozotocin injection. They were randomly divided into four groups: (1) aerobic training (AT), (2) supplementation (Sup), (3) Aerobic training+ supplement (AT+Sup), and (4) diabetes control (Con). The training protocol included running on a treadmill at a speed of 5-24 m/min for 10-60 min, according to the principle of overload. Glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and MDA, TAC, GPX, and SOD of heart tissue were measured. Statistical tests of two-way variance and post hoc Bonferroni were used using SPSS software at a significance level of P<0.005.Results A significant decrease in glucose levels, insulin resistance, and MDA (P<0.005) was observed in the intervention groups following eight weeks of training and supplement intervention, in comparison to the Con group. Also, the amount of insulin in Sup and AT+Sup groups exhibited a notable decline in comparison to Con and AT groups (P<0.005), as well as a substantial increase in the levels of SOD (P=0.001) and GPx (P<0.005), and TAC (P<0.005) was observed.Conclusion: Diabetes is associated with elevated MDA levels, which are reduced by aerobic training and supplementation. Furthermore, the administration of a training intervention and the utilization of a supplement have been demonstrated to elevate the levels of SOD, TAC, and GPx.