SME

In this paper, factors that effect on ICT adoption by SMEs in Tehran (Iran) are investigated. To do so, after reviewing the literature, we identified the factors affecting ICT adoption by SMEs in Tehran and, based on this review, we proposed our hypotheses. Factors include internal factors, external factors and ICT specifications that influence on IT adoption by SMEs. All hypotheses are confirmed except the one that articulates the relationship between perceived ease of use and ICT adoption by SMEs. Weak managerial support, lack of available skills, weak strategic vision regarding the ICT, weak innovative environment and insufficient financial resources are among the internal barriers. External barriers include weak governmental supports, legal environment, low cultural acceptance and weak pressures from customers, suppliers and competitors. Finally, low perceived usefulness and compatibility are among the ICT specifications that limit ICT adoption by SMEs.

The main goal of the given research is to conduct cross-cultural analysis of financial support mechanisms in Europe in order to develop practical recommendations, focused on SME recovery, for emerging markets, in particular Ukraine. The article examines the main effects of pandemic on economy, focusing on business disruption, in particular SME. The financial flows as a response on anti-pandemic prevention measures were analyzed all over the world through digital tools, namely BI, as well as differentiation of support measures. The general fall in the main macroeconomic indicators was indicated for European countries and the deep analysis of financial support mechanisms provided by states was conducted. Taking into account research results, it was revealed that complex policy mechanisms were developed mainly by advanced economies while emerging markets, in particular Ukraine, do not have the effective mechanisms aimed at eliminating negative effects of pandemic. So, on the basis of conducted analysis the practical recommendations for emerging markets, in particular Ukraine, were developed using relevant European experience

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have become a vital factor for national competitiveness and firms and companies, and the world is increasingly moving towards a knowledge-based economy. Innovation and technological changes are strongly influenced by the country/place where they occur. The main purpose of this study is to present the framework of SME innovation strategy with the approach of the fourth generation industry in Iran, which has been done using the GT method i.e a blend of qualitative and quantitative methods. The research population includes small and medium businesses and industrial townships in Tehran. The method of data collection in the qualitative part is the interview and in the quantitative part a questionnaire. The findings show that the innovation strategy framework in SME in the fourth industrial revolution is one of the causal factors with 5 components including small and medium businesses, organization maturity model, digitization, rules and regulations and innovation strategy. The results consist of 8 sub-components, which can be enumerated as market development, increasing exports, increasing productivity, creating added value, improving financial credits, training work managers, entrepreneurship and finally creating employment. The results show that the program factors have an effect on the facilitating factors; the causal factors on the innovation framework; the informational factors on the obstacles; supervisory and control factors on facilitating factors; barriers on the innovation framework; ; Financial resources have an effect on obstacles, consequences on innovation framework and structural factors on obstacles in small and medium enterprises. In our country, despite the fact that more than 59% of all production units are included in the EMS small and medium industries group,  these companies have not gained a significant share in the national gross product and creating added value and are suffering from severe shortages. While small and medium-sized companies can move away from the traditional focus on the product and take steps in the development of product innovation by using the fourth generation industry and new technology, creating a strategy and coming up with new products and services  will create more added value; The formulation of the strategy for any organization calls for an innovative point of view .

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are vital for economic development, growth in production, and employment expansion. One of their key challenges is the financing gap. Therefore, offering alternative financing solutions can aid in their growth and development. This study aims to propose an efficient way to finance SMEs through the issuance of sukuk. At first, we identified challenges in financing SMEs by interviewing experts. Then based on challenges we propose two assumptions in designing a Sukuk model for financing SMEs and based on them, we designed 7 models. We use an intermediary in all models and we propose to finance a portfolio of SMEs instead of financing a single SME and, also we use contracts that originator could use them for any purpose. These models were based on Tawaruq, Ijarah, Musharaka, Manfaat, Salam, Wakalah and Bay' al-dayn. Then we ranked models using the TOPSIS method based on 6 criteria, and the wakalah sukuk model was chosen for SME financing from the capital market. Subsequently, a model based on wakalah sukuk was developed, addressing aspects such as parties involved in Wakalah Sukuk for financing SMEs, profit management in SME Wakalah Sukuk, wakil's fee, construction of SME’s portfolio by Wakil, and reporting and monitoring the performance of the originator.

Exploratory studies in understanding the impact of decisions on the sustainability of small and medium businesses during the corona disease crisis in line with the research objectives and based on the non-linear and dynamic conditions caused by the high speed of prevailing environmental changes compared to the development of a dynamic model of the decision making. These businesses, on the one hand, are fragile against crises due to their limited financial ability, and on the other hand, with high flexibility and quick decision-making power, they have the ability to adapt to the existing conditions. In order to create this model, it is necessary to identify the problem, and in order to answer the research questions therefor it is necessary to develop a theory based on the opinions of experts and available data. This theory is due to the special conditions and the lack of previous experience result of the Grounded Theory’s methodology, that it should indicate all the effective factors in the field of decision-making in these businesses in Iran and the causal relationships between them and affected by the existing background conditions and it is an environmental interferes. background factors and identifying the impact of environmental interferes on the decision-making process in SME under the conditions of the Corona crisis. This theory states that the decision-making process for the sustainability of the business should be based on strategies. These strategies include creating opportunities, applying a new attitude in the continuation of business life, changing in business processes, creating organization agility, and re-engineering the structure . Considering the mathematical ability of the dynamic method to analyze the results of the dynamic model as scenarios that are applied to the business in the form of decisions made and by controlling their feedback, its effects on the organization's pillars and resources can be shown as quantities. The measurement of these quantities and the way of changes and their impact enables the quantitative proof of the mentioned theory. By this method the managers will have the ability to evaluate and prospect their decision results in the conditions of the Corona crisis.