historic city

Tourism is one of the most important sectors of the world economy. Yet, despite having promising touristic attractions, such as pristine nature and ancient historical monuments, Afghanistan lacks a proper plan and infrastructure for tourism development. Although political issues have been the most significant barriers to developing tourism, the lack of correct understanding and introduction of Afghanistan's potentials has also played an important role in the backlog of the tourism sector. This study attempts to introduce the cities that have the potential to attract international tourists. First, the influential factors in attracting international tourists were discussed using library research. In the next step, the prioritization of Afghanistan's historical cities was carried out with the aim of attracting international tourists using expert assessment and the VIKOR technique. According to the findings of this study, the criteria for attracting international tourists are classified into four groups: a) socio-cultural factors, b) natural conditions, c) accommodation and equipment infrastructures, and d) communication and information infrastructures. The top seven cities in Afghanistan are Herat, Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif, Kandahar, Bamyan, Ghazni, and Jalalabad.

This study examines the impacts of rising temperatures and urban development on the city of Isfahan, with a specific focus on how these changes affect urban centers and tourism. Climate change, characterized by increasing temperatures, poses significant challenges to the sustainability of urban environments. This research explores the consequences of temperature rise on urban form and the subsequent implications for tourism management. By analyzing urban development patterns, particularly in the context of expanding urban areas and their impact on historical centers, the study emphasizes the need for adaptive strategies that can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. Quantitative method used to analyze meteorological data, and the city’s development maps have been analyzed by using GIS. The findings highlight that, with the city’s expansion, especially after 2001, the overall temporature has increased, affecting the center of Isfahan. This is primarily due to most of the expansion occurring in the west, which aligns with the prevailing meteorogical direction.