Temperament

The present study was conducted on female students of Allameh Tabataba'i University to predict Internet addiction through a seven-factor Cloninger model. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female students of Allameh Tabataba'i University studying in the academic year 2019-2020. Moreover, a sample population of 150 people was selected through the convenience sampling method. Young's Internet Addiction Test and Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125) were administered to the sample population. The data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test, multiple regression. Results of Enter regression indicated that persistence dimension (b=-0.355) could account for 18.6% of variances of Internet addiction. The results of stepwise regression showed that persistence (b=-0.349) could predict 12.2% of variances of Internet addiction. Then, self-directedness was added to the prediction model which increased the explained variances of Internet addiction up to 15.4% of which 3.2% accounts particularly for self-directedness. This study may contribute to more accurate identification of involved factors in this phenomenon and provide a proper approach for prevention and treatment in line with those focused on evaluating the effective factors on Internet addiction.

Aim: Background: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a condition in which children display a pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and angry behavior toward people in authority. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the predictors of ODD among male teenagers in the city of Urmia, Iran. Methods: For this descriptive-analytical study, 384 male students between the ages of 13-16 were selected through cluster sampling. The instruments used comprised Hill Burns’ (1964) Affective Family Climate, Garnefski's Emotion Self-Regulation (2006), Cloninger’s (1994) Temperament and Character Inventory, and Achenbach’s (1991) Youth Self-Report questionnaires. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.19 using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s comparison, and regression at a significance level of p≤0.05 Results: The results showed a direct and significant correlation between emotion regulation and symptoms of ODD (0.19, p<0.01). A direct and significant relationship was also found between temperament and ODD symptoms (-0.20, p<0.01). Pearson’s correlation analyses revealed a meaningful relation between the family's emotional atmosphere and symptoms of ODD (-0.53, p<0.01). Furthermore, multiple linear regression models indicated that 39.9% of the variance of ODD is predicted by emotion regulation, family emotional atmosphere, and temperament. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems likely that ODD is influenced by emotion regulation, temperament, and affective family climate; to prevent the formation of this disorder, it is recommended that these three variables be addressed.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Reality Therapy in improving temperament and sleep quality among adolescents with learning disorders. This randomized controlled trial included 30 adolescents, aged 12 to 18, diagnosed with learning disorders. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (15 participants) or the control group (15 participants). The intervention group underwent twelve 60-minute sessions of Reality Therapy over a two-month period, while the control group received no therapeutic intervention. Temperament and sleep quality were assessed using the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively, at three time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and two-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements and the Bonferroni post-hoc test, with SPSS-27 software. The results indicated significant improvements in both temperament and sleep quality in the intervention group compared to the control group. These improvements were sustained at the two-month follow-up. Specifically, the intervention group showed marked improvements in emotional regulation and sleep patterns, highlighting the efficacy of Reality Therapy in addressing these critical aspects of adolescent health. Assumptions for ANOVA were confirmed, ensuring the robustness of the findings. Reality Therapy significantly improves temperament and sleep quality in adolescents with learning disorders, with effects lasting beyond the intervention period. This study supports the use of Reality Therapy as a viable intervention for improving emotional and sleep-related outcomes in this population. Further research with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods is recommended to confirm these findings and explore additional benefits.