Public Services

What broke out as the Arab Spring in Tunisia in 2010 stroke Egypt and shed its light on the Middle East, including Syria. During the first few days of demonstrations in Syria, the spring turned into a bloody fall and a full-scale civil war. Political-security crises and economic and social problems that had dominated the country during Assad's family rule left the state in deep defeat. Meanwhile, the arena of war turned into the scene of conflict between different political forces and their regional and international supporters, caused Syria to encounter immense foreign intervention. In this regard, this article attempts to figure out the answer to this question, "What are the causes for the Syrian state of failing during 2010-19?" The authors hypothesize that "the state in Syria has failed since the beginning of the protests due to persistent social, economic and political-security crises that led to the militarization of the country by the opposition and insurgent groups." The findings also indicate that the Syrian state faced historical crises after 2010 in economic imbalance and decline, demographic and environmental pressures, political-administrative corruption, and weak public services, which deepened after 2011, and it spread to other areas such as ethnic-religious violence.

Purpose: The present study aimed to improve the quality of delivering government services by identifying the main components of the personalization of the m-government in Iran.Method: Qualitative approach and exploratory research is applied. Data is gathered by targeted sampling and semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis technique was used to analyze the interviews.Findings: The research findings indicate that the personalization of mobile government in Iran includes five main themes and 16 sub-themes including social factors (e-services, e-participation), e-factors (productivity, policy making), managerial factors (accountability, human capital, transparency), political factors (e-legislation, information technology infrastructure), cultural factors (e-support, e-learning).Conclusion: Experts emphasized on managerial factors like accountability and transparency of government activities. Also cultural factors are very important as digital literacy of society is very important in this regard. On the other hand regular review and update of current laws of ICT infrastructures and security policies should be considered as important by government. Also targeted filtering by personal information will make citizens more satisfied to receive updated information and related services based on their needs and preferences.