۱.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Divorce family therapists Experts grounded theory
Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the phenomenon of divorce from the perspective of expert family therapists. Method: The research method was qualitative, based on grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014). The research setting included all family therapists in the city of Isfahan in the year 2024, and the participants consisted of ten of the most prominent therapists who were purposefully selected. The research tool was interviews conducted in the form of focus groups. The collected data were analyzed using Charmaz’s (2014) method: first, coding was carried out, followed by conceptualization. Then, during the process of integration, categories were extracted, and finally, the core categories were identified and the theory was formed. Results: The results indicated that the phenomenon of divorce includes three main categories: (1) the reasons behind the occurrence of divorce: the activators of divorce causes, with categories such as changes in cultural and social structures and the prioritization of individuality over couplehood; (2) the nature of divorce causes: causes of divorce categorized as changes in family roles and authority, poor spouse selection, inappropriate communication, and individual problems; and (3) the process through which the causes interconnect: integrators of divorce causes (disturbance-power, disturbance-intimacy, and boundary disturbances). Conclusion: Based on the findings, this study suggests that in order to reduce divorce, the activators of divorce cannot be ignored, as they render society more prone to facilitating the grounds for divorce rather than preserving family stability. Additionally, the identified causes of divorce indicate that many revolve around the philosophy of individualism. Therefore, society and societal discourse must reinforce the value of collectivism so that this value can function as a socio-psychological superstructure acting as a barrier to divorce.
۲.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Premarital education interpersonal awareness emotional expressiveness Marital Stability
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of premarital education based on the Interpersonal Awareness and Choice Method in enhancing marital stability and emotional expressiveness among engaged couples. Methods and Materials: A randomized controlled trial design was used involving 30 participants recruited from premarital counseling centers in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15), which received a ten-session premarital education program, and a control group (n = 15), which received no intervention during the study period. The intervention was delivered in weekly 60-minute group sessions focusing on interpersonal awareness, emotional literacy, and decision-making in romantic relationships. Standardized instruments were used to measure marital stability and emotional expressiveness at three time points: pretest, posttest, and five-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS-27 to assess within-group and between-group differences over time. Findings: Results indicated a significant interaction effect between time and group for marital stability (F(2, 56) = 14.72, p < 0.001, η² = 0.34), with the experimental group showing greater improvements compared to the control group. Similarly, emotional expressiveness demonstrated a significant group-by-time interaction (F(2, 56) = 17.59, p < 0.001, η² = 0.38), with post-hoc comparisons revealing that the experimental group had significantly higher scores at both posttest and follow-up phases. All assumptions for repeated measures ANOVA were confirmed prior to analysis. Conclusion: The findings suggest that premarital education based on the Interpersonal Awareness and Choice Method is an effective intervention for promoting emotional expressiveness and marital stability among engaged individuals. These results highlight the value of incorporating structured emotional and interpersonal training into premarital counseling services to support relationship resilience and long-term satisfaction. Keywords: Premarital education, interpersonal awareness, emotional expressiveness, marital stability.
۳.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Marital conflict early maladaptive schemas gender stereotypes emotional needs coping styles
Objective: This study aimed to develop and test a structural equation model for predicting marital conflict based on early maladaptive schemas, gender stereotypes, and emotional needs, with the mediating role of coping styles. Methods and Materials: The research adopted a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included 1,760 married men and women with marital conflicts who had sought counseling services in Tehran in 2024. Using purposive sampling, 500 participants were selected who had been married for at least six months and voluntarily completed six standardized questionnaires: the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, Bem Sex Role Inventory (short form), Emotional Needs Questionnaire, Young-Rigg Schema Avoidance Inventory, and Young’s Overcompensation Inventory. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS software through both descriptive and inferential statistics, including path coefficients and indirect effects. Findings: The results showed that disconnection and rejection schema (β = 0.413, p < 0.001), other-directedness (β = 0.214, p < 0.001), avoidance coping (β = 0.217, p < 0.001), and overcompensation coping (β = 0.122, p = 0.010) were significant direct predictors of marital conflict. Emotional needs significantly predicted both avoidance (β = 0.175, p = 0.014) and overcompensation coping (β = 0.246, p < 0.001). Gender stereotypes also played a role, with neutrality negatively predicting marital conflict (β = –0.229, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis confirmed significant indirect effects of impaired autonomy and emotional needs on marital conflict via avoidance coping, and of impaired limits and over-vigilance via overcompensation coping (p < 0.05). However, several indirect paths through gender stereotypes were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings support a comprehensive model where early maladaptive schemas, emotional needs, and gender stereotypes predict marital conflict through maladaptive coping styles. These insights can inform schema-based couple therapy by addressing cognitive-emotional vulnerabilities and promoting healthier coping mechanisms in marital relationships.
۴.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
resilience training Acceptance and Commitment Therapy quality of life divorced families adolescents psychological Intervention
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of resilience training and acceptance and commitment group training on improving quality of life in male students from divorced families, while controlling for age at the time of parental divorce and the duration since the divorce. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 90 male students in grades 5 to 9 from Kouhchenar County, whose parents were divorced. Participants were selected using convenience sampling from six schools with the highest prevalence of students from divorced families and were randomly assigned to three groups: resilience training (n = 30), acceptance and commitment training (n = 30), and control (n = 30). The interventions included ten 50-minute weekly sessions based on Kruger’s (2006) resilience protocol and eight weekly sessions based on Hayes and Rose’s (2008) ACT protocol. All participants completed the WHOQOL-BREF before the intervention, immediately after, and at a one-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and MANCOVA while adjusting for confounding variables. Findings: Significant improvements were observed in all four domains of quality of life—physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health—in both intervention groups across time (p < 0.001). The time × group interaction effect was also significant for all components (p < 0.001). Between-subjects analysis showed significant differences in posttest mean scores among the three groups (p < 0.001), and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons confirmed that both experimental groups outperformed the control group (p < 0.001), with the ACT group showing significantly greater improvements than the resilience group in all domains (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both resilience training and ACT-based group training effectively enhanced the quality of life of students from divorced families; however, ACT demonstrated superior and more sustained improvements. These findings highlight the potential of ACT as a preferred school-based intervention for adolescents coping with familial disruption.
۵.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
couple therapy based on reality therapy approach marital empathy marital forgiveness couples
Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the reality therapy approach on marital empathy and marital forgiveness among couples. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design including a follow-up phase. The statistical population consisted of all couples who referred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2023. From among the eligible individuals, 30 couples were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups (15 couples in the experimental group and 15 couples in the control group). Data collection instruments included the Marital Empathy Questionnaire by Joliffe and Farrington (2006) and the Marital Forgiveness Questionnaire by Rye et al. (2001). The intervention group received nine 90-minute in-person group sessions over two months based on the reality therapy approach, while the control group received standard counseling services. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and repeated measures ANOVA, adhering to statistical assumptions. Findings: The results indicated significant differences in the mean scores of marital empathy and marital forgiveness between the pretest, posttest, and follow-up phases (P < .01). These effects remained stable during the follow-up phase, indicating that couple therapy based on the reality therapy approach significantly improved marital empathy and marital forgiveness. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, couple therapy using the reality therapy approach can be considered an effective therapeutic method for enhancing marital forgiveness and empathy among couples
۶.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
cognitive-behavioral interventions coaching self-learning Marital satisfaction Marital Intimacy
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions using coaching and self-learning methods on marital satisfaction and couple intimacy. Methods and Materials: This semi-experimental study followed a pre-test–post-test design with a control group and two experimental groups (coaching and self-learning). The statistical population consisted of couples who visited family counseling centers in District 8 of Tehran in 2022 and reported low levels of marital satisfaction and intimacy. A purposive sampling method was used to select 45 participants, who were equally divided into three groups of 15. The coaching group received eight 90-minute cognitive-behavioral sessions, while the self-learning group was given a structured 73-page manual to follow independently over two months. The control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Thompson and Walker Marital Intimacy Scale. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the results. Findings: ANCOVA results indicated that cognitive-behavioral interventions using the coaching method significantly improved marital satisfaction (η² = 0.30, p < .01) and couple intimacy (η² = 0.372, p < .01), compared to the control group. Similarly, the self-learning method showed significant improvement in marital satisfaction (η² = 0.19, p < .01) and intimacy (η² = 0.23, p < .01), although the effect sizes were smaller. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral interventions, particularly through coaching, are effective in enhancing marital satisfaction and intimacy. The presence of a coach facilitates deeper understanding, accountability, and behavioral change, making it a more impactful approach compared to self-directed learning.
۷.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Non-marriage marriage men Single strategies Consequences grounded theory
Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the strategies and consequences of non-marriage among single men. Methods and Materials: The study was carried out using a qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology. The study population consisted of men whose age ranged between 33 and 45 years, considering the average age of marriage for men in the city of Kazerun in 2023 was 30.9 years. All participants were residents of Kazerun County in Fars Province. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling based on inclusion/exclusion criteria until theoretical saturation was reached (15 participants). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's (1998) grounded theory approach, including open, axial, and selective coding. Findings: In the open coding phase, out of 232 identified codes, 33 open codes related to strategies and 56 open codes related to consequences were extracted. These codes were categorized into different concepts during axial coding. Finally, in the selective coding phase, the main categories and related outcomes of non-marriage were identified. The most significant strategies for not pursuing marriage included improving economic conditions, enhancing mental and physical well-being, developing alternative relationships, and seeking emotional or financial bonds. On the other hand, mental and psychological consequences, objective consequences, and environmental consequences were among the major outcomes associated with prolonged singlehood in men. These included negative emotions such as depression, isolation, wasted time and energy, and economic and social problems. Conclusion: This study revealed that the decision not to marry among men is the result of a combination of psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors that influence individual choices. Based on the findings, it is recommended that social and cultural policies aimed at supporting youth and facilitating marriage are essential. Moreover, identifying and thoroughly examining cultural and social barriers to marriage could help reduce the rate of singlehood and increase the willingness to marry among young people.
۸.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Sexual Self-Esteem Sexual Satisfaction sexual skills group training Individual training
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of individual and group training in sexual skills on sexual satisfaction and sexual self-esteem among women attending comprehensive health centers in Sanandaj. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 women attending comprehensive health centers in Sanandaj, who were randomly assigned to three groups: individual training, group training, and control. Data collection tools included a demographic and obstetric questionnaire, the Hudson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory–Short Form (SSEI-W-SF). Data were collected according to the objectives of the study and analyzed using STATA version 12. The significance level was set at 0.05. Findings: Based on the results, all three study groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Four weeks after the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of sexual satisfaction in the individual training group showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05; p = 0.00). However, the mean satisfaction scores in the group training and control groups did not show a statistically significant difference. In all three groups, the mean and standard deviation of sexual self-esteem scores four weeks after training did not show a significant difference. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that individual-based training leads to an increase in sexual satisfaction. Utilizing this educational approach in comprehensive health centers can enhance women's sexual health and improve the dysfunctional cycle of family clinical relationships.
۹.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
tendency toward infidelity attachment behavior marital relationships
Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effect of marital relationships on the tendency toward infidelity based on attachment behavior in married women. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of all married female students at the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, during the 2023–2024 academic year. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster random sampling, and a sample of 200 individuals was selected. Data were collected using the Attitudes Toward Infidelity Scale (ATIS) (Whatley, 2008) and the Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire by Collins and Read (1990). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics (mean, median, measures of dispersion including standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and correlation tests. Findings: The results indicated that attachment behavior in marital relationships predicts the tendency toward infidelity in married women. Marital relationships have a direct effect on the tendency toward infidelity based on attachment behavior. Conclusion: This study confirms that marital relationship stability influences attachment behaviors, which in turn affect the tendency toward infidelity. Secure attachment reduces infidelity risk, while avoidant and ambivalent/anxious attachment increase it, highlighting attachment’s critical role.
۱۰.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
binge eating disorder Critical thinking Emotional Self-Awareness Hostile Attribution
This study compares the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion-focused therapy on emotional self-awareness, hostile attribution, and critical thinking in adolescents with binge eating disorder. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of these two therapies on improving the cognitive and emotional aspects of individuals. The research method was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population consists of adolescents with binge eating disorder in Azarshahr. The samples that were selected as available were randomly divided into two therapy groups (n=15). The first group received schema therapy, while the second group received compassion-focused therapy. To collect data, the Hostile Attribution Questionnaire (Arntz et al., 2003), the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (Grant et al., 2002), and the Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Ricketts, 2003) were used. The results indicated that both therapies had a significant effect on increasing emotional self-awareness and reducing hostile attribution and critical thinking. However, compassion-focused therapy demonstrated a greater impact on reducing hostile attribution and improving critical thinking. The findings suggested that both approaches can be effective interventions for treating binge eating disorder in adolescents, with compassion-focused therapy being more effective in some aspects.
۱۱.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Existential group therapy event impact Self-monitoring parents with debilitating anticipatory grief
Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of existential group therapy on the impact of the event and self-monitoring in parents experiencing anticipatory disabling grief related to their child. Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest two-group design. The statistical population consisted of all parents experiencing anticipatory disabling grief related to their child in Tehran, who sought psychological treatment at the "Lost Piece" Counseling and Psychotherapy Center in 2024. A total of 20 individuals were selected using a non-random purposive sampling method and then randomly assigned to two groups: 10 participants in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. The experimental group participated in ten 90-minute sessions of existential group therapy. Ultimately, following attrition, 8 participants successfully completed the treatment. The control group did not receive any intervention. It should be noted that in order to maintain equivalence between the experimental and control groups, a number of participants equal to the attrition in the experimental group were randomly removed from the control group as well. This study utilized the Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), the Self-Monitoring Questionnaire, and the Anticipatory Grief Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The Findings: results indicated a significant difference between the posttest mean scores of the experimental and control groups. Existential group therapy significantly improved both the impact of the event and self-monitoring among parents experiencing anticipatory disabling grief related to their child. Conclusion: These findings highlight its therapeutic value in addressing anticipatory disabling grief through meaning-making and emotional integration.
۱۲.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Couples therapy Indecision Intolerance
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) on differentiation of self and the reduction of intolerance of uncertainty in couples seeking divorce. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of couples seeking divorce in Tehran, from which 30 couples were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent a 10-session EFCT intervention, each session lasting 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Findings: Findings showed that Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy significantly increased differentiation of self and reduced intolerance of uncertainty in couples seeking divorce. Conclusion: These results suggest that by focusing on core emotions and emotional interactions, it is possible to improve interpersonal relationships and facilitate more informed decision-making in marital relationships. Accordingly, the use of EFCT is recommended in psychological interventions related to divorce crises.
۱۳.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
parental responses Negative Emotions emotion socialization Qualitative study Chile thematic analysis
Objective: This study aimed to explore the individual, relational, and contextual factors that shape how parents respond to their children’s negative emotions. Methods and Materials: A qualitative design was employed to capture the lived experiences of parents in managing children’s emotional challenges. Twenty-two parents from Chile participated in semi-structured interviews, focusing on their perceptions, attitudes, and practices when responding to children’s negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and frustration. Participants were recruited through community centers and parenting networks, ensuring diversity in socio-demographic backgrounds. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis with the support of NVivo 14 software. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Trustworthiness was ensured through peer debriefing, reflexive memos, and constant comparison during coding. Findings: Analysis revealed four overarching themes. (1) Emotional awareness and regulation in parents highlighted recognition of children’s emotions, self-regulation strategies, empathy, cultural norms in emotional expression, and awareness of emotional contagion. (2) Parenting beliefs and attitudes encompassed views on discipline, developmental understanding, attitudes toward emotional expression, emotion-coaching roles, intergenerational patterns, and moral or religious values. (3) Contextual and social influences included family environment, societal expectations, work–life balance, socioeconomic challenges, peer and social networks, and media exposure. (4) Coping strategies in responding to children’s negative emotions featured immediate reactions, long-term approaches, distraction and redirection, seeking external support, and communication techniques. Illustrative quotations underscored the variability and complexity of parental practices. Conclusion: The findings suggest that parents’ responses to children’s negative emotions are multifaceted, shaped not only by individual self-regulation and beliefs but also by cultural expectations, social contexts, and available coping resources. These insights underscore the need for interventions that support parental emotional awareness, resilience, and communication skills, while addressing contextual stressors to promote more adaptive emotion socialization.
۱۴.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Humor Coping Strategies Marital satisfaction Intimacy Communication Resilience Qualitative Research
Objective: This study aimed to explore how humor functions as a coping mechanism that contributes to marital satisfaction among couples in Slovenia. Methods and Materials: A qualitative design was employed, relying on semi-structured interviews to capture couples’ lived experiences of humor in marriage. Twenty-four participants (12 couples) from Slovenia, married for at least three years, were recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, with each session lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software. Trustworthiness was enhanced through peer debriefing, member checking, and triangulation with field notes. Findings: Four major themes emerged from the data: (1) Humor as an Emotional Buffer, where couples described humor as a strategy for stress relief, emotional recovery, and conflict de-escalation; (2) Humor and Intimacy, highlighting the role of shared jokes, playful teasing, and affectionate humor in strengthening closeness and trust; (3) Humor as a Communication Strategy, with participants explaining how humor allowed them to soften criticism, indirectly express sensitive issues, and repair conflicts; and (4) Humor and Marital Resilience, where humor facilitated coping with external stressors, fostered perspective-taking, and sustained hope during challenges such as illness or financial strain. Couples reported that affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles were most beneficial, while aggressive humor could undermine satisfaction. Humor was also noted as increasingly expressed through digital interactions, including memes and messaging. Conclusion: The findings suggest that humor is a multidimensional coping resource in marriage, functioning simultaneously as an emotional, relational, communicative, and resilience-enhancing tool. While humor generally promotes marital satisfaction, its effects depend on style and context. These insights highlight the importance of constructive humor in maintaining healthy, satisfying, and enduring marital relationships.
۱۵.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Narrative reframing Trauma families coping posttraumatic growth Taiwan Qualitative Research
Objective: This study aimed to explore how narrative reframing functions as a coping and meaning-making mechanism among Taiwanese families experiencing trauma. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was adopted using purposive sampling to recruit 26 participants from Taiwan who had directly experienced family trauma, including bereavement, illness, or sudden life disruptions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. Each interview lasted 60–90 minutes, was audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis facilitated by NVivo 14 software. An inductive coding approach was applied to identify open codes, subcategories, and overarching themes, with constant comparison used to refine findings. Research rigor was ensured through reflexive memo-writing, triangulation of coding among team members, and maintaining an audit trail. Findings: Analysis yielded three overarching themes: (1) Emotional reconstruction through narrative reframing, where participants processed trauma-related emotions, reduced guilt and shame, regulated distress, and cultivated hope; (2) Relational transformation within the family system, including improved communication, redefined roles, conflict resolution, trust rebuilding, and strengthened intergenerational understanding; and (3) Identity and future orientation, where families reframed themselves as survivors, emphasized personal growth, redefined goals and values, and expressed aspirations to transmit resilience across generations. Participants highlighted that narrative reframing enabled them to transform suffering into continuity, strengthen bonds, and situate trauma within cultural and spiritual frameworks that emphasized endurance and meaning. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that narrative reframing is a powerful coping process in families experiencing trauma, allowing for emotional healing, relational adaptation, and the construction of resilient family identities. This study underscores the importance of integrating narrative approaches into therapeutic interventions to support families in navigating trauma, rebuilding trust, and envisioning hopeful futures.
۱۶.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Collective coping communal coping chronic illness family resilience Qualitative study Ireland
Objective: This study aimed to explore the core components of collective coping in families managing the challenges of chronic illness, focusing on how emotional, relational, and social processes interact to sustain resilience. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 20 family members of patients living with chronic illness in Ireland. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling to ensure variation in roles, including spouses, parents, adult children, and siblings. Interviews were conducted either face-to-face or via secure online platforms, with each lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using NVivo software version 14, following an iterative coding process of open coding, categorization, and theme development. Reflexivity and peer debriefing were used to enhance credibility and trustworthiness. Findings: Four overarching themes emerged, each encompassing multiple subthemes. Emotional solidarity captured shared emotional expression, empathic support, hope maintenance, anxiety management, and the protection of vulnerable members. Collaborative problem-solving included shared decision-making, role and task distribution, resource pooling, adaptive planning, and conflict resolution. Meaning-making and resilience reflected reframing illness as a shared challenge, strengthening family identity, engaging in collective spiritual practices, and narrative sharing. External support and community connection encompassed reliance on social networks, healthcare partnerships, institutional support, peer networks, and advocacy. Collectively, these themes highlighted coping as a relational and communal process rather than an individual endeavor. Conclusion: The findings underscore that coping with chronic illness within families is fundamentally collective, rooted in shared appraisals, collaboration, and external resource integration. Recognizing these dynamics offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policy makers seeking to design family-centered interventions that enhance resilience and well-being.
۱۷.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Spousal support Gratitude expression Marital satisfaction Mediation Structural Equation Modeling
Objective: This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect relationships between spousal support and marital satisfaction, with gratitude expression as a mediating variable. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational design was employed with 370 married individuals from Armenia, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Data were collected using standardized instruments for marital satisfaction, spousal support, and gratitude expression. Analyses were conducted in two stages: Pearson correlation analysis in SPSS-27 to examine bivariate associations, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS-21 to test the hypothesized mediating model. Model fit was evaluated using established indices, including χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA. Findings: Pearson correlations revealed that spousal support was significantly associated with both marital satisfaction (r = .58, p < .001) and gratitude expression (r = .51, p < .001), while gratitude expression was also correlated with marital satisfaction (r = .46, p < .001). SEM demonstrated acceptable model fit (χ²/df = 1.93, GFI = 0.93, AGFI = 0.91, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.049). Direct effects showed that spousal support positively predicted marital satisfaction (β = 0.37, p < .001) and gratitude expression (β = 0.44, p < .001), while gratitude expression also predicted marital satisfaction (β = 0.29, p = .001). The indirect effect of spousal support on marital satisfaction through gratitude expression was significant (β = 0.13, p = .002), confirming partial mediation. Conclusion: Findings underscore the dual importance of supportive behaviors and gratitude expression in shaping marital satisfaction. Spousal support enhances satisfaction both directly and indirectly by fostering gratitude, suggesting that couples who both provide support and express appreciation are more likely to sustain fulfilling relationships.
۱۸.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Family economic hardship Family Cohesion adolescent risk-taking Mediation Structural Equation Modeling
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of family cohesion in the relationship between family economic hardship and adolescent risk-taking. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational research design was employed with a sample of 520 adolescents recruited from secondary schools in India, determined through Morgan and Krejcie’s sample size table. Data were collected using standardized self-report instruments: the Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire (ARQ), the Economic Hardship Questionnaire (EHQ), and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES IV). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS-27 and AMOS-21. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine associations among variables, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed to test the hypothesized mediation model. Model fit was evaluated using Chi-square, χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA indices. Findings: Results indicated that family economic hardship was positively correlated with adolescent risk-taking (r = .42, p = .001) and negatively correlated with family cohesion (r = −.40, p = .001). Family cohesion was inversely related to adolescent risk-taking (r = −.36, p = .002). The SEM analysis demonstrated adequate model fit (χ²/df = 2.17, GFI = .93, AGFI = .90, CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .048). Direct paths showed that family economic hardship significantly predicted adolescent risk-taking (β = .38, p = .001) and negatively predicted family cohesion (β = −.41, p = .001). Family cohesion negatively predicted adolescent risk-taking (β = −.29, p = .002). The indirect effect of economic hardship on risk-taking via cohesion was significant (β = .12, p = .006), supporting the mediation hypothesis. Conclusion: Findings highlight that family cohesion partially mediates the link between economic hardship and adolescent risk-taking. Strengthening family cohesion may buffer adolescents from the adverse effects of financial strain and serve as a practical target for interventions aimed at reducing risk behaviors.
۱۹.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Parental smartphone addiction Parenting quality Child behavioral problems
Objective: This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of parental smartphone addiction on child behavioral problems, with parenting quality as a mediating variable. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational design was employed with a sample of 410 parents from Malaysia, determined according to the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Participants were recruited through schools and community centers and completed standardized measures assessing smartphone addiction, parenting quality, and child behavioral problems. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations, and AMOS-21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Model fit indices, including χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA, were used to assess model adequacy. Findings: Descriptive statistics revealed moderate levels of parental smartphone addiction (M = 32.47, SD = 6.81), relatively high parenting quality (M = 74.26, SD = 9.54), and mild to moderate child behavioral problems (M = 18.63, SD = 5.72). Correlation analyses showed that parental smartphone addiction was positively correlated with child behavioral problems (r = .36, p < .001) and negatively correlated with parenting quality (r = –.41, p < .001). Parenting quality was negatively correlated with child behavioral problems (r = –.44, p < .001). SEM confirmed partial mediation: parental smartphone addiction negatively predicted parenting quality (β = –.39, p < .001), which in turn negatively predicted child behavioral problems (β = –.41, p < .001). The direct path from parental smartphone addiction to child behavioral problems remained significant (β = .25, p = .001), while the indirect effect through parenting quality was also significant (β = .16, p < .001). Conclusion: The study highlights that parental smartphone addiction increases child behavioral problems both directly and indirectly through reduced parenting quality. Interventions should target reducing parental smartphone addiction and enhancing parenting practices to safeguard children’s behavioral health.
۲۰.
کلیدواژه‌ها:
Humor stress Positive Affect Family Functioning Structural Equation South Africa
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between humor and stress in families, with positive affect as a mediating variable. Methods and Materials: The study employed a descriptive correlational design with 409 participants selected from families in South Africa, based on the Morgan and Krejcie sample size table. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires measuring humor, stress, and positive affect. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 to explore bivariate associations among variables. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed in AMOS-21 to test the hypothesized mediation model. Model fit was evaluated using multiple indices, including χ², df, χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA. Findings: The results revealed significant correlations between the study variables. Humor was positively correlated with positive affect (r = 0.53, p < .001) and negatively correlated with stress (r = −0.41, p = .001). Stress showed a significant negative correlation with positive affect (r = −0.47, p < .001). The structural model demonstrated acceptable fit (χ²(61) = 124.36, χ²/df = 2.04, GFI = 0.93, AGFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.049). Path analysis confirmed that humor had a direct positive effect on positive affect (β = 0.39, p < .001) and a negative effect on stress (β = −0.34, p = .001). Stress negatively influenced positive affect (β = −0.28, p < .001). Positive affect mediated the relationship between humor and stress, with a significant indirect effect (β = 0.09, p = .002). Conclusion: The findings highlight the protective role of humor in family contexts, showing that it reduces stress both directly and through the mediating role of positive affect. Integrating humor into family-based interventions may enhance resilience and emotional well-being.
