۱.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the ascension of Prophet Muhammad to heaven, from a psychological point of view. The study also included a survey of different understandings and approaches to the heavenly ascension of the prophet of Islam. These understandings include philosophical, theosophical, Sufi perspectives, and esoteric commentaries of the Quran and different denominations of Islam. The current study also discusses the world of images and imagery world and offers a more elaborative discussion and a broad view of the occurrence of Miraj (i.e. occurrence in the world of images – mundus imaginalis). This view requires a revolutionary new approach to the phenomenology and epistemology of the scientific approach to the phenomenon of Al-Miraj (Heavenly ascension). Symbolic communication becomes a means of interaction and Tawil, and symbolic deciphering in understanding Miraj occurs. This study also offered an approach to Miraj as a hero journey as suggested by Jung and elaborated by Joseph Campbell. It was also discovered as a voyage of the unconscious to approach the Self and attain individuation.
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Geopolitical factors have always significantly influenced the politics and behavior of governments due to the continuity and stability of their effects. In Turkmenistan, due to the geopolitical characteristics of this country, examining and paying attention to these factors and their effects play an important role in terms of understanding and predicting the policies and behavior of Turkmenistan’s government. Also, these characteristics seem to become more important because of this country’s neighborhood and many commonalities with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of this article is about the effects of Turkmenistan's geopolitics on the politics and the behavior of its government. Based on this study, it will be argued that Turkmenistan's geopolitics has, directly and indirectly, affected the politics and behavior of Turkmenistan’s government by creating threats and issues such as instability and insecurity. It has also caused authoritarianism and centralism in the government.
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This paper presents a new taxonomy of memes based on a comprehensive analysis of the content, purpose, and discourse characteristics of memes in Persian cyberspace. The taxonomy identifies five main categories of memes: (1) Visually punctuated memes, which rely on wordplay and visual imagery to create humor, often employing juxtaposition, incongruity, or unexpected combinations of elements; (2) Culturally Allusive Memes which draw upon shared cultural knowledge, including historical references, literary allusions, or popular cultural tropes, to evoke humor and connect with a specific audience; (3) Socially Commentative Memes which use humor to critique or comment on social and political issues, often employing satire, irony, or exaggeration to highlight societal ills or promote social change; (4) Personally Anecdotal Memes which humorously share personal anecdotes or observations, often using relatable experiences to foster connection and shared understanding among viewers; and, (5) Hybrid Memes defy categorization and combine elements from different categories to create unique and creative expressions. This article also explores the role of memes in the meaning-making of internet humor in Persian cyberspace. Memes, this study shows, are a great way for Iranians to share humor, connect with others, and express their unique culture.
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This article explores the Pahlavi regime's ideal of the "citizen-soldier" in Iran and its subsequent failure, and reaction generated, as depicted in three instances of the politically conscious Iranian New Wave cinema: Requiem (1978), Beehive (1975), and Baluch (1972). These films act as critical lenses reflecting the profound disjunctions between the state's objectives of training citizen-soldiers and the public realities. Requiem portrays the broken bodies that the state failed to train and subsequently abandoned in the outskirts of Tehran. Beehive features a young man trained but left unutilized by the state, while Baluch depicts a rural man rebelling against the "corrupt," "weak," and "westernized" urban elite, advocating the revolt of "authentic" Iranian soldiers against the citizen-soldier model. Through these films, the ideological conflicts and palpable consequences of the state's body politics for men, and the culminating resistance, are exposed. The films are concerned with the societal and individual impacts of the Pahlavi regime's body policies, and highlight the disconnect between state aspirations and lived experiences. The analysis underscores how these films criticize, and react to the state-driven modernization and the resultant socio-political tensions, and participate in the revolutionary sentiments that culminated in the 1979 Islamic Revolution
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"Cultural studies" is one of the most important theoretical approaches that has gradually entered the analysis of media and artworks since the late seventies, and the most important aspect is to study how to create "Making meaning" and content that can be Reading artistic texts; Themes of daily life and lifestyle of different nationalities, ethnicities and cultures that can point to the differences and commonalities of human culture around the world and lead to constructive dialogue. How to spend leisure time, worshiping, dressing, eating, grooming, consuming, and all daily rituals, can be different from one culture to another. A comparative study of Iranian and British TV animation has been done due to similarities in terms of production structure, educational approach and media targeting, and this comparison helps us to have appropriate criteria for the content of Iranian TV animation. This research is a case study of three works from Iran and England with a descriptive-analytical method and with the approach of cultural studies seeks the meanings that are transmitted to the audience by these works. The main question of this research is how themes related to lifestyle and popular culture are represented in Iranian and British TV animation, the content of which can have a great impact on the audience's culture formation. The result of this research shows that British television animation productions show more topics of the Audience’s daily life than Iranian animation productions and introduce the British lifestyle and popular culture.
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The present study shows that abolitionist feminists, inspired by Foucault's biopolitical and agonistic analysis of power and his view on the capacity of modern power (bio-power) in the construction of subjectivity and the necessity of resistance against all forms of subjectivity as forms of subjugation, have proposed some abolitionist feminist criminal strategies in the fight against sexual violence against women as resistance strategies to subjectivity. The purpose of the study is to consider the inspiration of abolitionist feminist criminal strategies from Foucault's theory of power and provide two concrete examples of these strategies by using the methodology of critical discourse analysis of bio-power. The current study analyzed two abolitionist feminist-Foucauldian criminal strategies: Chloe Taylor's negative abolitionist feminist criminal strategy (2019) and Holly Henderson's positive abolitionist feminist criminal strategy (2007). Explaining the process of construction of the sex-delinquent subject and the process of construction of feminine subjectivity and providing ways to fight against these two forms of subjectivity, as forms of subjugation that are constructed by bio-power, are the principal axes of analysis in these Foucauldian abolitionist criminal strategies. The result of the current study is that Taylor, with a Foucauldian approach, shows how bio-power produces sex-delinquent subjects in two ways: the normalization of sexuality and the normalization of sexual violence in prison. According to Taylor, the only way to end sexual violence is to subvert the sex-delinquent subject as a form of subjectivity, and the only way to do this is to abolish prison. Henderson, with a Foucauldian approach, shows how bio-power produces feminine subjectivity through the normalization of sexuality, and this feminine subjectivity is the reason for the continuation of sexual violence. Henderson argues that to prevent sexual violence, the feminine subjectivity must be deconstructed, or in other words, the female body should be re-conceptualized in the structure of violence by recognizing the capacity of resistance in the female body and her agency. Therefore, inspired by Foucault's view on the agonistic conception of power, she proposed a positive abolitionist criminal strategy by promoting physical feminism and self-defence. Taylor calls for the implementation of transformative justice as an alternative to criminal justice to combat sexual violence, and Henderson calls for the implementation of preventive justice, a type of physical feminism, to prevent sexual violence. The research findings confirm the feasibility and applicability of Taylor and Henderson's strategies in the context of societal models of criminal policy, which seek to combat or prevent crimes outside the state and the criminal justice system. In comparison between these two strategies, transformative justice has been more developed and applicable.
