Journal of Asian Paralympic Movement (Humanistic Approach to Sport and Exercise Studies)

The current study's prime objective was to assess virtual reality games' impact on the mental skills of elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, 228 elite athletes were randomly selected and divided into four groups of 57 controls and experiments. All subjects in the control and experimental groups received virtual reality games for 15 minutes for ten sessions; then, each group was re-examined. The control group performed a follow-up test according to the posttest after two weeks using the Ottawa mental skills assessment questionnaire (OMSAT-3), and repeated measures analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to test the hypothesis (P≤0.05). The results obtained using repeated measures analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test showed that virtual reality games influenced elite athletes' mental skills in COVID. From these findings, it can be said that virtual reality games can improve the mental skills of elite athletes during COVID-19

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of online sports programs became popular. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of online body balance program on anxiety, depression, and aggression of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Body balance is a sport based on yoga, tai chi, and Pilates. The present study was a semi-experimental and applied type of study. The participants of the present study were 30 volunteer children with ADHD who were divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups by random assignment method. Aggression, depression, and anxiety variables were evaluated by Bass and Perry questionnaire, Maria Kvas children's depression questionnaire, and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. The experimental group performed online body balance training for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week for 60 minutes) online, and the control group did their current activities. In order to investigate intra-group and inter-group differences, repeated measures ANOVA at the error level of 0.05 was used by SPSS software. The results showed there was significant difference in the average level of symptoms of depression, anxiety and aggression in the pre-test and post-test stages (P≤0.05), between the two control and experimental groups (P≤0.05) and the interaction effect of time and group (P≤0.05). The results of Tukey's test showed that there was a significant reduction of these symptoms between the two experimental and control groups in the variables of depression symptoms (-5.500), anxiety symptoms (-5.133) and aggression symptoms (-13.133). Based on the results of this research, eight weeks of body balance training reduced depression, aggression and anxiety symptoms in 7-9 year old children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, the improvement of mental disorders caused by this disease in children following the body balance exercise program emphasizes the importance of using this intervention method for children with ADHD.

Muscle weakness and shortness have a profound effect on the length and function of the body, causing abnormal pressure on the joints and other tissues. Deficiency or increase in flexibility is a factor in the stiffness and instability of moving parts and affects the maintenance of the desired condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the flexibility of Iranian adolescents and young people in two selected groups with healthy and spinal deformity. The statistical population of this study consisted of adolescents and young people across the country. The statistical sample consisted of 1263 girls and boys (with age range of 18-12 years old) from 5 geographical regions of the country, which could represent the whole country in terms of environment, culture, economy, and genetics and accounted for about 50% of the country's population. The flexible ruler was used to measure the arches of the spine in the sagittal plane, and the flexibility of the back and lumbar muscles, the trunk flexor muscles, and the trunk lateral flexor muscles were measured. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the flexibility of the two groups of kyphotic and kypholordotic with healthy subjects among the adolescents and young girls, and adolescent boys (P<0.05), but in the two groups, lordotic and healthy, this difference was not significant (P>0.05). The flexibility was significantly different between the gender in both the kyphotic and kypholordotic groups among adolescents (P<0.05), but in the healthy and lordotic groups was not significant (P>0.05). Finally, the results showed that there was only a significant difference between the flexibility of young girls with kyphotics and kypholordotics compared with h

the present study investigates the prevalence of emotional abuse among professional athletes by their coach in Mashhad city of Iran. the current study is applied research, about 40 professional retired athletes have participated voluntarily in individual sports (swimming and martial arts) and team sports (handball and basketball). The semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. the results have shown that about 70 percent of participants have experienced various emotional abuse by their coach over years of playing professional sports and the maximal statistics belonged to criticism and reproach variables but just a few of them had reacted to their coach emotional abuse that entailed concentration disorders, performance and motivation decline, and ability obtainment issues. the results have shown that a high percent of athletes have experienced emotional abuse by their coach that encompassed many psychological and performing damages. Therefore, it is needed to train athletes’ preventable and resistant methods and the way of conveying these offensive behaviors to officials in order to reduce the damages of applied emotional abuse at athletes.

: Sponsorship activities have rapidly emerged as a prominent form of marketing communication aimed at effectively reaching target customers. In contemporary marketing strategies, sponsorship is increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for achieving corporate objectives. This research aims to examine the impact of brand identification stimuli from sports clubs on customer loyalty and the intention to purchase products from sponsoring companies. This study adopts a descriptive-survey methodology, focusing on fans of sports clubs in Mazandaran Province. The sample was determined to be400 individuals, utilizing Cochran's formula for determining sample size in populations with an infinite number of members. A targeted non-random sampling technique was employed. A researcher-developed questionnaire was designed based on a comprehensive review of existing literature. The validity of the questionnaire was affirmed by ten professors in sports management, and its reliability was validated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To assess the normality of data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was conducted, with subsequent data analysis performed using SPSS software. The findings reveal a significant relationship between the four dimensions of brand identity associated with volleyball and football clubs and the sense of belonging fans experience toward their clubs. Furthermore, this sense of belonging influences fans' attitudes and behavioral intentions regarding the products and services offered by their preferred clubs' sponsors. The study recommends that sports marketing managers and club administrators consider the social interests of fans and facilitate the formation of specialized clubs to foster interaction among supporters. Such initiatives could enhance customer engagement and help achieve marketing objectives. Consequently, it is imperative for managers to develop a nuanced understan

The aim of this study was to comparison the effect of different core stability training on lower extremities strength among deaf children. 28 deaf students (aged: 8-14 yr) selected and randomly divided into 3 groups: dynamic core stability, static core stability and control. Training continue for 8 weeks and 3 session per each week. The protocol composed of: specific training for spinal column stability, breathing maneuver with multifidus contraction, using dynamic stability in different positions accompany by extremities movements and using swiss ball. Dynamometer device was used to measures the strength of core stabilizer muscles. Dependent t (pre and post comparison in each group) and one way Anova were used to analyze data. Level of significant was 0.05 and statistical calculations were used by SPSS (version 22). The results of this study show that dynamic and static core stability lead to significant changes in lower extremities strength (P≤0.05, t=2.2, t= 5.7, t= 4.8, t= 2.8, t= 3, t=7.4), but the differences between dynamic and static core stability training and control were not significantly (P≥0.05, f=0.74, f=1.4, f=0.13, f=0.46, f=0.18, f=0.24). It can be concluded that dynamic and static core stability training can be a benefit method to improve lower extremities strength in deaf children and this finding leads to decreasing risk and probable injuries.