درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Adolescence is characterized by physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral changes capable of resulting in the development of a healthy and autonomous individual, as well as contributing to self-injurious behavior. This review aimed to analyze the 11 available papers on risk factors for self-mutilation in adolescents. Integrative review performed in MEDLINE and LILACS databases using primary studies published between 2018 and 2023, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish with the descriptors “Self-destructive Behavior”; "Adolescent"; and “Risk Factors” combined with the Boolean operator AND. After analyzing the data, two main themes emerged. The first theme, referred to as "intrapersonal risk factors," encompassed a range of categories including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance/alcohol abuse, disruptive, impulse and conduct control disorders, cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament, impulsivity, avoidance/coping-focused on affect, and emotional dysregulation. The second theme, labeled as "interpersonal risk factors," consisted of categories such as bullying, parental neglect, parental psychopathology, social exclusion, peers with people with self-destructive behavior, hetero-aggressiveness, and sexual and gender minority populations. The findings of this review highlight the importance of increased awareness, early detection, and targeted interventions for self-mutilation. This study lays the ground for future research and interventions in mental health. Future studies could further explore psychological factors, societal influences, effective treatments, and prevention methods for self-mutilation. By expanding upon current knowledge, clinicians and researchers can better support individuals struggling with self-harm, leading to improved outcomes and reduced harm.  

Objective: An important cognitive control process is the ability to inhibit, that mature at different rates during childhood to adolescence. The aim of our research was to construct and validate computer-based Stroop animal size test in children for measuring selective attention and response inhibition. Research Methodology: In this survey study, we prepared the test, after the approval of experts and software development, at first test-retest reliability with a two week was evaluated in a separate sample (N=50, 5-12 years old children), then data was collected from 92 children 5-12 years old (46 girls and 46 boys) included 22 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) studied in the academic year 2022-2023 in Alborz province. Participants decided the real size of animals by pressing response keys on computer. ANOVA, Multivariate analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients and Cronbach α were used to assess reliability and validity (p<0.05). Findings: The findings showed test-retest reliability in significant range (p<0.01). The correlation was high for Stroopnum, (r=0.83), Inconsistent answers, (r=0.72), Wrong answers, (r=0.89) but lower for Consistent answers, (r=0.28) and Reaction time, (r=0.41). To assess the internal consistency, Cronbach Alpha 0.91 computed. ANOVA analysis for comparing children's function in different age groups was (p<0.000). Conclusion: Multivariate analysis was used in comparing children with ADHD to the control group, results showed significant difference between groups in Stroop components, (p<0.007). This computerized Stroop animal size test had satisfactory reliability and validity, that can measure cognitive functions such as selective attention and inhibition in children.

Objective: Shame is a multi-faceted self-conscious emotion which occurs when one considers themselves to not have fulfilled internalized societal standards and can be viewed as a social, psychological as well as a cultural phenomenon. The current study aimed to explore the lived experience of individuals receiving psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. Research Methodology: The study used a qualitative research method and described, in-depth, what shame is and how it’s experienced from the participants' point of view. The participants in the study were nine males and seven females who participated in an in-depth unstructured interview. Data were analyzed based on the seven-step Colaizzi's method. Findings: Based on the findings of this study, eight themes of “physical reactions,” “accompanying emotions,” “making mistakes,” “other,” “being subject to judgment,” “blame,” “annihilation,” and “having a negative view of self,” in addition to three sub-themes of “incompetence,” “worthlessness” and “inadequacy” were common in the lived experience of individuals of shame. The resulting themes were explored and discussed. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used to develop shame assessment scales considering the Iranian culture and to plan interventions that target these common themes.

Employee engagement is a crucial factor in ensuring organizational success. It involves employees being able to be themselves at work and putting in extra effort to help their company thrive. To achieve this, it is essential to identify the factors that can predict employee engagement. Therefore, this research aims to examine the role of job crafting and work-life balance in employee engagement. The study's statistical population consisted of employees from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. A sample of 119 individuals was selected using convenience sampling. The research tools were the Job Crafting Questionnaire, the Work-Life Balance Questionnaire, and the Employee Engagement Questionnaire. The results showed that there is a significant and direct correlation between job crafting and work-life balance with employee engagement (P<.001). Based on the results of Structural Equation Modeling the task job crafting, flexibility on work schedule and workplace support had positive and significant effects on employee engagement