دلایل و تأثیرات مهاجرت شعرای فارسی زبان به دربار گورگانیان هند در دوره صفویه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مهاجرت طبقات مختلف به ویژه گروه های فرهنگی به سرزمین های هم جوار ایران همچون عثمانی، ماوراءالنهر و هند، در دوره صفویه به ویژه با روی کار آمدن گورکانیان رونق گرفت. در این میان، حضور شعرای فارسی زبان از عوامل مهم رواج زبان و ادبیات فارسی در هند بود. دلایل گوناگونی چون اعتقادات مذهبی برخی از سلاطین صفوی، عدم توجه به شعر و اشعار بزمی توسط برخی از سلاطین صفوی و از طرف دیگر، علاقه و اهتمام دربار گورکانی به ادبیات و شعر فارسی را از دلایل مهاجرت شعرای فارسی زبان به دربار گورکانیان هند دانسته اند. این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و برمبنای مطالعه کتابخانه ای با رویکرد تاریخی و با طرح این سوال که این مهاجرت ها چه دلایلی داشته و چه تأثیراتی بر ساختار جامعه ایران (عصر صفوی) و هند( دوره گورکانی) نهاده، به بررسی دلایل مهاجرت و مهم تر از آن، تأثیرات این جریان فرهنگی در جامعه صفوی و گورکانی می پردازد. نتیجه بررسی نشان می دهد مؤلفه های جذبی و دفعی به موازات یکدیگر در تسریع روند مهاجرت شعرا نقش داشته اند. بااین حال در بررسی تأثیرات این مهاجرت ها بر ساختار دو جامعه یادشده، بیشترین تأثیرگذاری این جریان، حول موضوعات فرهنگی و اجتماعی است. نتیجه نهایی مقاله توجه به مؤلفه های فرهنگی به عنوان حلقه مشترک دلایل و تأثیرات مهاجرت شعرای صفویه به دربار گورکانیان هند است.The reasons and effects of the migration of Persian language poets to the Gurganian court of India in the Safavid period
The migration of different classes, especially cultural groups, to the neighboring lands of Iran, such as Ottoman, the phenomenon of migration of poets to the court of Gorkani kings - which was one of the important factors in the spread of Persian language and literature in India - peaked. Various reasons such as the religious restrictions of some Safavid sultans, the lack of attention to Bazmi poetry and poets by some Safavid sultans, and on the other hand, the interest and interest of the Gurkani court in Persian literature and poetry have been cited as the reasons for the approach of Persian-speaking poets in migrating to the Gurkanian court in India. In this research, in a descriptive-analytical way, based on a library study with a historical approach, by posing the question, what are the reasons and effects of these migrations? The result of the investigation shows that the absorbing and repelling components have played a role in completing and accelerating the migration process of poets. However, in examining the effects of these migrations on the structure of the two societies, the greatest impact factor is around cultural and social issues.
1. Introduction
Although the migration from the plateau of Iran to the Indian subcontinent is not a phenomenon unique to a specific period of time, it seems that this process grew and gained special importance after the establishment of Islamic dynasties in the subcontinent. The 10th century of the Hijri/16th century was the beginning of another period in the history of Iranian migration to the Indian subcontinent. The number of Iranians who went to the subcontinent was large and included various groups, including government officials, scholars, poets, Sufis, artisans and merchants. Their transcendental thought, which was rooted in Iranian culture and civilization, gave them a special privilege in gaining the support of the governments of the subcontinent (Gurkanians, Adelshahians and Qutb Shahians). These groups and individuals were warmly accepted by these courts and sometimes they took high positions.
But on the other hand, it should be kept in mind that migration is one of the demographic phenomena with political, economic, social and cultural significance, whether it is internal or external, it has short-term and long-term positive and negative consequences in the structure of the immigrant-averse and immigrant-friendly society. In the Iranian society during the Safavid period, there was a wide range of migrations, both individually and in groups. The extent and frequency of these migrations have attracted the attention of Safavid researchers, and as a result, few studies have been conducted on the reasons and effects of these migrations from Iran.
1.1. Detailed Research Method
The current research is based on the analytical review of historical library documents and resources in a descriptive-analytical method to answer the main question that; What were the reasons for the large-scale migration of Persian-speaking poets of the Safavid period to the Gurkan court of India? The main hypothesis of the research is that the political-cultural structures of both societies have been one of the most important factors in the migration of poets and have had the greatest impact on the structural dimensions of both societies.
2. Discussion
The word "migration" means the movement of the population in an area that is accompanied by the geographical mobility of the population. This migration takes place between two geographical units and this geographical mobility is a change of residence from origin to destination.
Migration is not just to escape from the unfavorable living conditions, but it is a way to progress and live in a better environment and geography. In fact, the process of migration is the result of the combination of repulsions and attractions. In this case, the strength and superiority of the attractions of the destination compared to the origin is the shaper of migration (Bogue, 2010: 6).
But from the perspective of social structuralists, migration is not only a result of individual decisions and actions, but also a result of social and geographical structures that provide the necessary grounds for the migration process (Massey, 1993: 448-449).
According to the research done by Ahmad Golchin Maani, the number of poets who wrote from the beginning of Shah Ismail's reign (907 to 930 AH) to the end of Shah Sultan Hossein Safavi's reign (in 1135 AH), that is, in a period of nearly two and a half centuries, 745 people have left Iran for India, of which 9 people settled in that land during the time of Zahiruddin Babor Shah, 33 people during the time of Nasiruddin Homayon Shah, and 259 people during the golden era of Jalaluddin Akbar Shah. Golchin Maani , 1362: 2/657, 726, 843, 932-936). Therefore, the majority of the group that migrated to India during the Safavid era were from the class of poets. On the other hand, in terms of social base; There were some poets who were active in various political, economic, religious and even scientific professions, and besides their main profession, they also wrote poetry, that's why the number of immigrant poets in the Safavid era is very high. Therefore, it is not possible to mention all Iranian immigrant poets to India or the many reasons for their migration in this article, and only introduce a few prominent Persian poets of this period who became famous in the Gorkani court, and then the most important reasons and consequences of their presence in India is examined.
There were many reasons for the lack of a suitable environment for the flourishing of poetry in Safavid Iran compared to the previous era, and on the other hand, the progress of Persian literature at the court of Gurkans in India, the main reasons of which can be investigated and explained under the two categories of attraction factors and repulsion factors of migration. The attraction factors: Attention of the court supporters of Gorkani sultans from Iranian immigrants؛ The attention and support of Gorkani sultans to Iranian poets and artists؛ Other attractions of Gurkanian court in connection with Iranian culture and literature.
The repulsion factors of migration: Lack of support and religious fanaticism from the Safavid sultans؛ Decline of Persian prose in Iran؛ Displeasure of the Safavid court with the way of some poets.
The migration of Persian-speaking poets and artists to India left consequences and effects in Persian poetry and literature of that time, including the consequences and effects: the formation and evolution of the Indian style, the creation of The position of the head of poets in the Gurkan court, the influence of the Persian language in the Indian continent, translation of texts into Persian, note writing, dictionary writing, history writing, creating a new style in painting and drawing, establishing a painting workshop in the style of the Safavid court workshop, popularizing and expanding calligraphy and building buildings in the style of Iranian buildings. However, in the 10th and 11th centuries AH, the largest group of Iranians who migrated to India were poets.
3. Conclusion
Persian language and literature have always had a valuable position as an official language since its arrival in the Indian subcontinent, especially during the Islamic regimes of the subcontinent. Parallel to this political development, a more important cultural event, the migration of Persian-speaking poets to the Gorkani court flourished.
Based on the mentioned components in this article, it can be concluded that political and economic factors were directly influential in the process of migration of poets during the Safavid era, and cultural and social factors, although they are not the main causes of migration, but Accelerating and complementary indicators have played a role in the process of migration along with political-economic causes. The repulsions caused by the political and economic issues of the Safavid anti-immigration society and the attractions of the Gorkani court in the above areas caused the poets to continue living in that region.
The final result is that; More than any political, social and cultural factor, the positive approach and special attention of Gorkani sultans to Persian poetry was the main attraction factor in the migrations to the subcontinent during the Safavid period, the consequences of which can be seen in examples such as the formality of the Persian language in the territory Gurkani, his constant acceptance in the court, the appointment of poets to important and sensitive jobs and finally the creation of the position of Malik al-Shaarai can be examined and reflected upon.
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