بررسی نقش و جایگاه ایزدبانوان هندوایرانی در طبقات سه گانه دومزیل (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نظریه سه گانه دومزیل، یک ساختار جامعی از خدایان، ایزدان و الهه های باستانی اقوام کهن هندواروپایی را براساس جایگاه آن ها مورد دسته بندی قرار داده است که باتوجه به زیرشاخه هندوایرانی آن، اشتراکات و همسانی های زیادی میان خدایان هندی و ایرانی قابل مشاهده است. در این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، مشخص شد که در گزارش های اساطیری و بدویِ هردو قوم، نخست شاهد تکریم مقام زن و حضور زن خدایانی متعدد و نیرومند در رأس خدایان هستیم که بعدها با گسترش و تکوین جامعه مردسالارانه و سیطره عصر حماسی و پهلوانی، این زن خدایان از مقام خود تنزل یافته و حتی در برهه هایی از زمان، از تمامی طبقات ایزدان کنار گذاشته شدند؛ اما به دلیل نفوذ و تأثیری که داشتند، درنهایت به عنوان خدایان فروتر و زمینی، در پایین این طبقات، به خویشکاری مهم خود، یعنی باروری و نگهبانی از آب و احیای کشاورزی پرداختند. این مقام در ایران از آنِ آناهیتا و در هند از آنِ الهه ساراسواتی است که در یک نگاه تطبیقی، الهه های ایرانی در انتساب به این طبقه، از جایگاه مطلوب تری برخوردارند.Investigating the role and position of Indo-Iranian goddesses in the three classes of Dumzil
Domzil's threefold theory categorizes the comprehensive structure of the ancient gods, goddesses, and goddesses of the ancient Indo-European tribes based on their location, which, given its sub-Iranian sub-branch, has many similarities and similarities between the gods. Indian and Iranian observations show that in the mythological and primitive reports of both peoples, we first see the honor of the status of women and the presence of numerous and powerful goddesses at the head of the gods. The goddesses were demoted and even at some point in time, they were excluded from all classes of gods, but because of their influence, they ultimately, as the lower and earthly gods, subjugated these classes to their important self-employment fertility and water protection and agricultural revival. - It is said that this position in Iran belongs to Anahita and in India to Elahe Sarasvati In a comparative view, the Iranian goddesses have a more favorable position in belonging to this class.
1. Introduction
Myths as a treasure of religious and cultural beliefs and possessions of ancient peoples, in the stage of formation due to the narrative of the golden age of the coexistence of gods and mankind, free from any ethnic differences and discrimination. It was religious and even sexual; But with the formation of wars and the necessity of defense and the revelation of differences between humans, geographical, religious, cultural, gender, etc. classifications and boundaries began, and humans based on these criteria and differences were categorized, and the criteria for assigning these differences and identifications were the characteristics that the primitive man had acquired with his knowledge of the surrounding environment.
In the age of mythical peace before the official formation of large tribal societies and large gatherings, these women were the first to receive attention and importance due to their unique characteristics, including the power of childbirth and fertility. and in social affairs, since men were solely responsible for the task of hunting, women were responsible for all the responsibilities of the family administration, both religious and worldly, and therefore the first epistemological and divine reports were issued about them; But little by little, with the expansion of human society and the need to defend assets and the formation of tribal and regional wars and conflicts, women are unable to participate in war due to their physical limitations. and due to the danger of women's captivity and slavery, the belief was created in societies that these weak and vulnerable creatures need the support of men, and with the spread of this idea, women were demoted from their previous position.
In the following classification of Indo-Iranian gods based on texts such as Veda and Avesta, the most powerful god is Varuna and Ahuramazda, who is at the head of the gods as the God of the Father and the heavens with awe and authority. which shows that Dumzil based his division on the late mythological era and the time of the emergence of rituals and religions such as Zoroastrianism; However, under the great male gods such as Varuna and Indra, he also paid attention to Mitra, Anahita, Saraswati and other female gods; But according to the ruling belief of patriarchy in this period of the life of the Indo-European peoples, a position lower than the gods and heavenly gods has been considered for them.
According to the ancient mythological beliefs, the guardian goddesses of water, agriculture and land were always manifested in the body of women, who in the division of the two villages, according to their actions and performance, are responsible for the fertility and preservation of earthly life. they had; However, under the influence of the myths of the first covenant, we see the presence of Mitra, or the god of love, on the first floor, next to Varuna and Ahura Mazda; Therefore, considering the numerous similarities between Indian and Iranian gods in the three classes of Dumzil, we will discuss the role and position of female gods in these classes and the reasons for their rise and fall in this type of division. We will examine the classification, so our main question in this research is, what is the contribution of female gods and female deities to the classification of Domzil? And for what reasons and according to what conditions have they not been placed at the head of these classes of gods? And according to their characteristics and performance, in which of these classes can they be classified?
1.1. Detailed Research Methodology
The research method in this article is a descriptive-analytical method that examines the role and position of female idols in the three classes of Domzil based on the in-textual approach. The method of gathering information in it is based on the use of library resources that have been compiled and prepared with the help of tools such as phishing. The data analysis method is also based on the content analysis method, which is based on the inference from the information obtained from the study and investigation of the role and influence of mythological goddesses in the era of ancient India and Iran.
Discussion
Dumzil's triple theory has classified a comprehensive structure of ancient gods, gods and goddesses of the ancient Indo-European peoples based on their position, which according to its Indo-Iranian sub-branch, there are many commonalities and similarities between the gods. Indian and Iranian, it can be seen that in the mythological and primitive reports of both peoples, we first witness the honoring of the position of women and the presence of numerous and powerful female deities at the head of the gods, which with the expansion and development of the patriarchal society and the dominance of the epic and heroic age, These women-goddess were demoted from their position, and were even excluded from all classes of gods at some points in time; But due to the influence and influence they had, in the end, as lower and earthly gods under these classes, to their important self-care; That is, they provided fertility and protection of water and revival of agriculture. In Iran, this position belongs to Anahita and in India, it belongs to Saraswati. From a comparative point of view, Iranian goddesses have a more favorable position in being assigned to this class.
Conclusion
Domzil's theory has classified the ancient Indo-European gods into three classes of heavenly gods, warrior gods and earth gods based on the characteristics of "action" and "function". Cultural numbers between these two peoples have countless commonalities, and Dumzil has based this classification on the basis of the ancient texts of these two peoples, namely "Veda" and "Avesta". But due to the use of written texts and also due to the structuralist nature of this theory, the classification of gods in it is mostly based on the later mythological periods among the Indo-Iranian peoples, and therefore, due to the influence of the patriarchal system that From the early mythological periods and matriarchal system, it has been prevalent in the nations of India and Iran, many female gods and goddesses have not been mentioned in these classes, and in both peoples, the great god, the god of the heavens, and the male god is at the head of all affairs.
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