بررسی اختیار شاعری تسکین در عروض فارسی و عربی (با تأکید بر ملمَّعات مجیر الدین بیلقانی، مولوی و خواجوی کرمانی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اختیارات شاعری از مباحث مهم در هر نظام عروضی است تاجایی که کمتر شعری در فارسی و عربی می توان یافت که در آن اختیاری به کار نرفته باشد. اختیار «تسکین» از اختیارات بسیار مهم و پرکاربرد شاعری در عروض فارسی است و در عروض عربی نیز کاربرد دارد؛ اما به نام های دیگری آمده است. اختیار تسکین را ابن فرخان با نام «جواز وزنی» در قرن ششم مطرح کرد؛ اما نخستین بار اصطلاح تسکین را خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی در کتاب معیارالاشعار خود آورده است که براساس آن، شاعر می تواند به جای دو هجای کوتاه (UU)، یک هجای بلند (-) بیاورد. ازآنجاکه به کارگیری اختیار تسکین در اشعار ملمَّع -به ویژه در ملمَّعاتی که بخش عربی آن بر وزن عربی و بخش فارسی آن بر وزن فارسی سرود شده است- نقش مهمی در ایجاد شباهت بین اوزان فارسی و عربی ایفا می کند، در این پژوهش به بررسی و تحلیل این اختیار در عروض فارسی و عربی بر مبنای ملمَّعات سه تن از ملمَّع سرایان معروف پرداخته شده است. نتایج این پژوهش که به عنوان مطالعه ای توصیفی تحلیلی و نگرشی تطبیقی طراحی شده است، حاکی از آن است که زحاف «اضمار» و زحاف «عصب» در عروض عربی، معادل اختیار تسکین در عروض فارسی است؛ اما دایره شمول تسکین در عروض فارسی بسیار گسترده تر است. همچنین در این پژوهش روشن شد که اختیار تسکین تأثیر چشمگیری در پرکاربرد بودن برخی از اوزان ملمَّعات در شعر فارسی داشته است.A Study of the Poetic License "Taskin" in Persian and Arabic Prosody: A Focus on on Molamma'at Mujir Al-Din Bilaqani, Mowlana, and Khajou Kermani
Poetic license is a vital concept in any prosodic system and it is particularly prominent in Persian and Arabic poetry. Among these, the Taskin license stands out as one of the most important and frequently utilized licenses in Persian prosody. While it is also present in Arabic prosody, it is referred to by different names. The concept of Taskin as a metrical allowance was first proposed by Ibn Farakhan in the 6th century; however, the term "Taskin" was initially introduced by Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi in his work Mi'yar al-Ash'ar. This license permits poets to substitute two short syllables (UU) with a single long syllable (–). In the context of Molamma'at poetry—especially where the Arabic portions adhere to Arabic meter and the Persian sections follow Persian meter—Taskin plays a crucial role in establishing similarities between the two metrical systems. This study examined and analyzed the Taskin license in both Persian and Arabic prosody through the lens of the Molamma'at of three poets. The findings derived from a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach indicated that the prosodic elements of Idmar and Asab in Arabic prosody corresponded to the Taskin license in Persian prosody. However, application of Taskin in Persian prosody was more extensive. Additionally, Taskin had significantly influenced the frequent use of specific Molamma't meters in Persian poetry. Keywords: Persian and Arabic Prosody, Taskin, Molamma'at. IntroductionScholars of prosody generally agree that the foundation of meter in both Persian and Arabic poetry is quantitative, meaning it is based on the length of syllables. Consequently, many metrical features are shared between these two poetic traditions, one of which is the license known as "Taskin". Exploration of poetic licenses is crucial in any prosodic system and it is uncommon to find a poem in Persian or Arabic that does not utilize such licenses. These licenses enable poets to select between two metrical options based on their artistic preferences. Among the most commonly employed licenses is Taskin, which permits the poet to substitute two consecutive short syllables (UU) with one long syllable (-).Given the lack of independent studies focusing on this topic, it is essential to investigate it further. This study aimed to address two primary questions:What terms are used in Arabic prosody to refer to the Persian prosodic license of Taskin and what are the similarities and differences among them?What role has the Taskin license played in shaping and expanding the prosodic possibilities of Molamma'at in Persian poetry?To this end, the article was divided into two main sections: the first examined the Taskin license in both Persian and Arabic prosody, while the second analyzed its application in the Molamma'at works of three poets. Materials & MethodsThis research was categorized as a comparative study of prosody, employing a methodology that integrated historical, analytical, and statistical approaches. Research FindingsHistory of the Term "Taskin":The term "Taskin" was first introduced as a metrical license by Ibn Farakhan in the 6th century. Although he occasionally used the term "Taskin", he did not formalize it as a prosodic term. He referred to the transformation of "Mustaf'ilu" to "Maf'ulun" and "Mufta'ilun" to "Maf'ulun" as "Irhaf" and designated the resulting foot as "Murhaf". Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi also employed the terms "Taskin" and "Taskin Awsat". However, many contemporary prosodians, such as Khanlari and Najafi, were unaware of Khwaja Nasir's usage. It was likely that Shamisa was the first to adopt and popularize this term from Mi'yar al-Ash'ar. Examination of the Reverse of Taskin:Shamisa noted a distinction between Arabic and Persian prosody: the reverse of Taskin is applicable in Arabic but not in Persian. However, no Arabic prosodians have formalized this reverse. Generally, in both Arabic and Persian prosody, two short syllables serve as the standard, while a long syllable substitutes for the two short syllables. Role of Taskin in the Meters of Molamma'at:The quantitative foundation of meter in Persian and Arabic has facilitated the creation of successful Molamma'at (poems that combine Arabic and Persian lines). A common structure features the Arabic portion in the Wafir meter with the Persian segment in the same meter ("Mafailun Mafailun Faulun"). Taskin plays a crucial role in this context by transforming the Arabic "Mufailatun" into the Persian "Mafailun", thus preserving the aesthetic and rhythmic harmony of both parts. Discussion of Results & ConclusionIbn Farakhan was the first to mention Taskin as a metrical license in the 6th century. However, it was Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi who formally defined the term and Shamisa was the first to adopt and popularize it from Khwaja Nasir. In Arabic prosody, the concept most closely related to poetic licenses is Zihaf, with the Zihaf of Idmar and Asab serving as equivalents to the Taskin license in Persian prosody. Notably, the scope of Taskin in Persian prosody is broader as Persian poetry requires more frequent use of this license. This is primarily due to the characteristics of the Persian language, which lacks vowels and often employs more long syllables. Additionally, the predominant prosodic feet in Persian are numerous and frequently include two consecutive short syllables. Moreover, the reverse of Taskin—substituting two short syllables for one long syllable—is not applicable in either Persian or Arabic prosody. An analysis of Molamma'at, particularly in the works of Mujir al-Din Bilaqani, Rumi, and Khaju Kermani, revealed that poets of Molamma'at had extensively utilized the Persian Taskin license. Since this license was applicable in both Persian and Arabic prosody, even when it appears in non-primary feet in Arabic, the fundamental rule of Taskin—replacing one long syllable with two short syllables—was still recognized and accepted.
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