خوانش کاربردشناختی تکنیک های برهان ورزی در ضرب المثل های نهج البلاغه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کاربردشناسی زبان از شاخه های اصلی زبان شناسی است که انسجام گفتمانی را حاصل تعامل کاربران زبان و بافت متن می داند؛ از این رو موضوع آن مطالعه توانایی و قابلیت های استفاده از زبان و ساختن جملات مرتبط با بافت است تا نشان دهد که چگونه گفتار در موقعیت ها معنا می یابد. کاربردشناسی زبان به مطالعه معنا می پردازد؛ معنایی که گوینده آن را منتقل می کند و شنونده یا خواننده آن را تفسیر می کند. در این میان احتجاج و برهان ورزی فرایندی ارتباطی- زبانی است که متکلم در راستای تغییر نگرش و دیدگاه مخاطب آن را به کار می گیرد و در جهت اهداف موردنظر، اندیشه وی را به تکاپو وا می دارد و در این فرایند از فنون و شیوه های گوناگونی بهره می گیرد. در جستار پیش رو شگردهای برهان ورزی در شماری از ضرب المثل های نهج البلاغه مورد نقد و تحلیل قرار گرفت تا از این رهگذر خوانش و فهم دقیق تری از این امثال به دست آید. برای انجام این پژوهش تعداد 95 نمونه از مَثَل هایی که تکنیک های برهان ورزی در آنها دارای فراوانی بیشتری بودند، بر اساس کتاب «الأمْثالُ وَ الحِکَمُ المُسْتَخْرَجَهُ» نوشته محمد الغروی، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که امام علی(ع) ضمن توجه به قوانین تطور زبان، در جهت اقناع و متقاعدسازی مخاطب، از انواع راهبردهای زبانی - بلاغی، روش های اقناع، ساختارهای شبه منطقی، رویکردهای بلاغی، موعظه، تشبیه، کنایه، تمثیل و استعاره بهره جسته و به صورت هنرمندانه، مفاهیم اخلاقی، اجتماعی و سیاسی مورد نظر خویش را در قالب واژگان مطرح نموده که بیانگر توانش زبانی و کاربردشناختی امیر بیان (ع) است.A Pragmatic Study of Argumentation Techniques in the Proverbs of Nahj al-Balagha
Linguistic pragmatics, a major branch of linguistics, views discourse coherence as the product of interaction between language users and textual context. It examines the ability and strategies of using language to construct contextually relevant sentences, revealing how speech gains meaning in specific situations. Pragmatics focuses on meaning as conveyed by the speaker and interpreted by the listener or reader. Argumentation, as a communicative-linguistic process, is employed by the speaker to shift the audience’s attitudes and perspectives, provoking reflection through diverse rhetorical techniques.This study critiques and analyzes argumentation strategies in selected proverbs from Nahj al-Balagha to achieve a more precise reading and understanding of these proverbs. For this research, 95 proverbs with frequent argumentative techniques were analyzed, drawing from Muhammad al-Gharawi’s book Proverbs and Maxims Extracted from Nahj al-Balagha. The results demonstrate that Imam Ali (AS), while adhering to linguistic evolution, skillfully employed rhetorical-persuasive strategies, quasi-logical structures, admonition, simile, metaphor, allegory, and allusion to articulate ethical, social, and political concepts. This reflects his linguistic competence and pragmatic mastery
1. Introduction
Discourse is defined as "the use of language for communication," highlighting the inherently bidirectional relationship between language and discourse. Linguistic pragmatics, a prominent approach in modern linguistics, examines how speech acts between speaker and audience fulfill specific communicative goals. The persuasive dimension of language is a foundational element of pragmatics. This study explores the techniques speakers employ to attract and persuade audiences, which is a key objective of both applied linguistics and this research. It identifies the pragmatic dimensions of argumentation, its efficacy in conveying implicit meanings, and the linguistic-literary beauty of Nahj al-Balagha’s proverbs in influencing audiences. From the vast corpus of proverbs in Nahj al-Balagha, 95 examples from Muhammad al-Gharawi’s Proverbs and Maxims Extracted from Nahj al-Balagha were selected as the research dataset. The research questions guiding this study are:
What is the relationship between argumentative techniques, meaning transmission, and the creation of trust and persuasion in guiding audiences?
How effective is this approach in conveying meaning?
Which argumentation techniques are most prevalent in interpreting and contextualizing Imam Ali’s (AS) words?
2. Literature Review
Argumentation is a communicative, linguistic process aligned with discourse. Through dialogue, the speaker transfers their mental perceptions to the listener, using argumentative speech to persuade and reshape the audience’s thoughts. The primary goal of argumentation is to influence the listener’s behavior and mindset. Persuasion is thus essential to argumentative discourse. Given Imam Ali’s (AS) engagement with diverse opponents and followers during his leadership, he employed various methods—such as sermons, admonitions, persuasion, and argumentation—to communicate and counsel effectively.
3. Methodology
This study adopts a pragmatic reading of Nahj al-Balagha’s proverbs to analyze their argumentative techniques, drawing on Chaïm Perelman’s theory of argumentation, which revived this concept in the latter half of the 20th century. The research identifies the pragmatic dimensions of argumentation, its role in conveying implicit meanings, and the literary-linguistic beauty of the proverbs in influencing audiences.
4. Results
The pragmatic analysis of Nahj al-Balagha’s proverbs yielded the following results:
1. Imam Ali (AS) utilized diverse methods to persuade and shift his audience’s beliefs, with argumentation being a frequent strategy. This linguistic approach, prominent in the proverbs, enhanced the coherence of his discourse and strengthened its delivery.
2. Themes such as audience preparation, guiding the misguided, promoting peace, foresight, rejecting materialism, and ethical lessons permeate Nahj al-Balagha, reflecting Imam Ali’s (AS) intentionality in conveying meanings. His emphasis on principles like combating injustice, preparing for death, and understanding worldly and spiritual realms underpinned his persuasive process. His sermons and admonitions were contextually tailored to maximize impact.
3. By analyzing the proverbs examined in this study, it was revealed that the frequent application of argumentation technique particularly methods such as inducement, persuasion, caution, analogy, and allusion, alongside references to Imam Ali’s (AS) status within the discourse context—has established argumentation as a distinctive stylistic feature of Nahj al-Balagha.
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