شهرنشینی و ناامنی غذایی: بررسی چالش ها و فرصت های نوین آن در توسعه کشاورزی شهری، مطالعه موردی: شهر بیرجند (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کم شدن جمعیت در روستاها و افزایش جمعیت شهرها به دوسوم جمعیت دنیا، سبب شده که بخش عمده ای از جمعیت تولیدکننده جهان به مصرف کننده تبدیل شوند. در ایرآن هم شهر بیرجند به تبعیت از سایر شهرهای کشور پس از دهه 1340 به دلیل تقویت نسبی زیرساخت های اقتصادی، بهبود نسبی وضعیت بهداشت روستایی و مهاجرت های درون منطقه ای، به سرعت توسعه پیدا کرد. فائو یکی از راه های مؤثر در واکنش به افزایش جمعیت شهرنشینان به ویژه در کشورهای درحال توسعه را کشاورزی شهری می داند. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی به دنبال بررسی وضعیت امنیت غذایی شهر بیرجند و راهکاری برای مقابله با آن با رویکرد کشاورزی شهری است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل دو گروه شهروندان، کارشناسان می باشد. تجزیه وتحلیل داده های تحقیق در دو بخش صورت گرفت. در بخش آمار توصیفی از طریق جدول توزیع فراوانی، میانگین، انحراف معیار و ضریب تغییرات به خلاصه سازی و تحلیل داده های توصیفی استفاده شد. در بخش آمار استنباطی نیز برای فرضیات تحقیق از آزمون دوجمله ای استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد در جامعه شهروندان امنیت غذایی در حد متوسط است و مقایسه سرانه مصرف مواد غذایی شهر بیرجند در قیاس با میانگین کشوری و بین المللی پایین می باشد. از نظر متخصصان، کشاورزی شهری در امنیت غذایی تأثیر زیادی دارد. آن ها معتقدند که کشاورزی شهری در محلات فقیرنشین که با کمبود مواد غذایی مواجه اند، می تواند به تنوع غذایی و رژیم غذایی سالم کمک نماید. همچنین کشاورزی شهری راه حلی برای کاهش تحریم های اقتصادی و بحران های غذایی حاصل از جنگ اوکراین و روسیه است. مزیت این پژوهش حاضر در این نکته است که چالش ها و فرصت های مستخرج شده، می تواند مبدأ شکل گیری ایده ها برای توسعه کسب وکارها و استارت اپ های مبتنی بر کشاورزی شهری در شهر بیرجند باشد.Urbanization and Food Insecurity: Examining its new Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of Urban Agriculture: the case studyof Birjand
Today, when more than half of the world's population live in cities, the percentage of the urban population will increase significantly during the next generation, as a result, almost two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities by 2050. The reduction of the population in the villages and the increase in the cities caused a major part of the world's producer population to become consumers. The ever-increasing growth of the urban population and the high demand for food-related to it have revealed the inadequacy of traditional/rural agricultural methods to supply urban centers' food needs adequately. In this research, urbanization and the risk of food insecurity and the approach to dealing with it have been discussed, emphasizing urban agriculture in Birjand city. The type of research that is applied is developmental. The results show that according to the surveyed people, the food security of their basic commodities is average. The location of Birjand city is in a dry and desert area, and climate changes and recent droughts have reduced the production of agricultural products. Also, the animal husbandry industry will be overshadowed, and the meat and dairy sectors will gradually be removed from the people's food basket.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, when more than half of the world's population lives in cities, the percentage of the urban population will increase significantly during the next generation, as a result, almost two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities by 2050. The reduction of the population in the villages and the increase in the cities caused a major part of the world's producer population to become consumers. The ever-increasing growth of the urban population and the high demand for food-related to it have revealed the inadequacy of traditional/rural agricultural methods to supply urban centers' food needs adequately. The relative economic infrastructure, the relative improvement of the rural health situation, and intra-regional migrations developed rapidly. So, during 2015-2015, the city's population increased from 13,934 in 2015 to 203,636 in 2016. FAO considers urban agriculture to be one of the effective ways to respond to the increase in the population of urban dwellers, especially in developing countries. Based on the Food for Urban Dwellers program program, citizens are helped by FAO. To participate in the production of food and nutrition for themselves and others. A major part of these programs includes the use of land, urban green environments, and apartment spaces to produce fruits and vegetables.
Methodology
In this research, urbanization and the risk of food insecurity and the approach to dealing with it have been discussed, emphasizing urban agriculture in Birjand city. The type of research that is applied is developmental. Also, for indexing and measuring food security, indirect methods such as the use of income level and direct methods such as food security indicators through the standard food security questionnaire have been used; the research data was analyzed in two parts.
Results and discussion
The results show that according to the surveyed people, the food security of their basic commodities is average. The location of Birjand city is in a dry and desert area, and climate changes and recent droughts have reduced the production of agricultural products. With the decrease in agricultural production, there is an increase in prices. Also, the animal husbandry industry will be overshadowed, and the meat and dairy sectors will gradually be removed from the people's food basket. The per capita food consumption in Birjand is low compared to the national and international average. According to experts, urban agriculture has a significant impact on food security; they believe that urban agriculture in poor neighborhoods that face food shortages will help in food diversity and a healthy diet and can be a solution to reduce economic sanctions and food crises resulting from the war between Ukraine and Russia. Finally, the advantage of this research is that it can be the source of ideas for the development of businesses and startups.
Conclusion
According to Nakhegan, the results show that urban agriculture in poor neighborhoods that face food shortages contributes to food diversity and a healthy diet and can be a solution to reduce economic sanctions and food crises caused by the war between Ukraine and Russia. Also, considering that the amount of water consumed by each household in Birjand city with a coefficient of 60% gray water is 3388 liters per subscription per day. It can be used in the agriculture of Birjand city. Finally, the advantage of this research is that it can be a source of ideas for the development of businesses and start-ups.
Implementation suggestions:
Holding a start-up weekend with the topic of agriculture and citizens' participation
Preparation of a comprehensive and detailed urban green space plan in Birjand with an urban agriculture approach.
Urban agriculture can improve the amount of green per capita in Birjand city.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
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