تحلیل صورخیال در منتخبی از اشعار حماسی بختیاری و بویراحمدی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تشبیه، استعاره، کنایه و اغراق ازجمله عناصر بلاغی هستند که در اشعار حماسی بختیاری و بویراحمدی کاربرد فراوان دارد و در این پژوهش با توجه به اهمیت موضوع در تحلیل و شناخت اشعار حماسی بختیاری و بویراحمدی، به بررسی و تحلیل آنها پرداخته شده است. پژوهش حاضر برپایه مطالعات کتابخانه ای میدانی و به روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی و مصاحبه های ساختاریافته انجام شده است. پس از بررسی و تحلیل ویژگی های بلاغی در منتخبی از اشعار حماسی بختیاری و بویراحمدی می شود گفت عنصر تشبیه (حسی به حسی) بیشترین کاربرد را دارد و جنگجویان را ازنظر قدرت بدنی و توان جنگاوری به شیر، پلنگ، گرگ و رستم تشبیه کرده اند. مشبه به ها از محیط کوهستانی، زندگی دامداری، حیوانات و پرندگان محل زندگی شان گرفته شده است. استعاره یکی دیگر از آرایه هایی است که در اشعار بررسی شده برای نشان دادن هنر جنگاوری جنگجویان و خلاصه کردن و ساده سازی مفاهیم رزمی به کاررفته است. در اشعار حماسی بختیاری و بویراحمدی، شیر، پلنگ و مارهای برهنه استعاره از جنگجویان و یا جنگجوی ایل است. کاربرد عنصر کنایه در این اشعار به نوعی کیفیت جنگجو و آماده بودن آنها انجام جنگ های بیشتر و عزاداربودن اشخاص را نشان می دهد. در توصیف قهرمانان قومی و برای نشان دادن شکوه و هیبت جنگاوری آنان اغراق کرده اند.Analysis of Imagery in the Selected Poems of Bakhtiari and Boyerahmadi
Simile, metaphor, irony, and exaggeration are rhetorical elements that are widely used in the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyerahmadi. The current study aims to investigate these rhetorical elements in the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyerahmadi. After examining and analyzing the rhetorical features in a selection of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi's epic poems, it can be argued that the element of simile (sensory to sensory) has the highest frequency use, comparing the warriors to lions, tigers, wolves, and Rostam in terms of physical strength and fighting ability. Similarities are taken from the mountain environment, livestock life, animals, and birds where they live. Metaphor is another figure of speech that is used in the studied poems to show the fighting art of warriors and to summarize and simplify martial concepts.In the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi, lions, leopards, and naked snakes are metaphors for warriors or clan warriors. The use of irony in these poems is indicative of the quality of warriors and their readiness to fight more wars. There have been instances of exaggeration in terms of the description of ethnic heroes in order to show the glory and awe of their fighting. Keywords: Folk Culture, Bakhtiari People, Boyer Ahmadi People, Epic Poems, Imaginary Images. IntroductionThe existence of chaotic, warlike, rebellious regions, surrounded by impassable mountains and the battle with harsh nature and predatory animals has caused the epic expressions in the poems of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi to have a significant effect. Simile, metaphor, irony, and exaggeration are rhetorical elements that are very crucial in terms of image creation in rhetorical issues. The hypothesis of this research is that these elements are the main image-creation elements in the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi. With this in mind, this research tries to analyze the use of the most important forms of fantasy in a selection of the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyerahmadi. Additionally, it seeks to investigate which rhetorical elements are widely used in the epic poetry of Bakhtiari and Boyerahmadi. Accordingly, these rhetorical elements are first categorized and then analyzed by extracting examples of similes such as similes to hunting animals, similes to domestic and non-hunting animals, similes to mythological and heroic heroes, similes to natural elements, and so on.Library studies in journals and authentic scientific sites show that some of the studies conducted on the popular culture and literature of Bakhtiari and Boyerahmadi people are related to the subject of the present research in terms of content including Bait or Boyer Ahmadi's epic laments by Shahbazi (2018a), Descriptive and structural criticism of Bakhtiari's epic laments (Shokhins), a type of popular poem by Shahbazi (2018b), along with Hajianpour and Siahpour’s (2013) Reflection of nomadic politics Reza Shah in Boyer Ahmad's native poems and songs. However, so far, to the best of our knowledge, no independent scientific investigation has been done on the subject of this research. Materials and MethodsIn terms of purpose, the current study is fundamental, and in terms of data collection, it is based on field-library studies and qualitative content analysis and categorization of structured interviews. After the interviews were recorded, coded, and translated from the Lori dialect into Farsi, the materials related to the research subject were noted and analyzed. The research data (poems) have been quoted from folk poems in addition to printed sources. To select folk poems and also to recognize the correct form of some words, assistance was received from Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi speakers (in the form of 5-10 minute field interviews). The interviewees were selected from Shahnameh singers and narrators of folk and epic poems who were interested in participating in the interview and were mostly over sixty years old. Research FindingsThis research, based on library and field studies and employing qualitative content analysis and structured interviews, aims to analyze the rhetorical features in Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi epic poetry. It specifically focuses on examining and analyzing the application of the most important figures of speech in a selected corpus of Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi epic poetry. The existence of turbulent, war-prone, rebellious regions, enclosed within rugged mountains, and the struggle against a harsh nature and ferocious animals have resulted in epic manifestations being strikingly prominent in the poetry of the Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi people. Simile, metaphor, irony, and hyperbole are among the rhetorical elements that hold significant importance in rhetorical studies and are considered the central elements in Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmad epic poetry.The findings of the research indicate that the most frequent manifestation of simile in Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi epic poetry is the comparison of heroes' bravery, courage, and strength to predatory animals, domestic and non-predatory animals, mythological and epic heroes, and natural elements. This indicates a deep connection between Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi people and nature, and the mysteriousness of its elements in their ancient myths and beliefs.Lions, leopards, wolves, and snakes are among the animals used metaphorically in Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi poetry to represent warriors. The presence of these animals in the habitat of the Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi people and their significant role as nature's ultimate warriors has led to their metaphorical use in Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi epic poetry. One of the primary reasons for the prevalence of such metaphors can be attributed to the living environment of the Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi people. The animals used as metaphors are considered to be forces of nature and are renowned for their ferocity during hunts and in times of danger. Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi poets have employed these themes to inspire and motivate their warriors, fostering a spirit of bravery.In Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi epic poetry, ironies are clearly visible and mostly appear as repetitive and clichéd expressions. The metaphors used in Bakhtiari and Boyer-Ahmadi epic poetry are primarily related to concepts such as readiness for war, courage, fearlessness, the annihilation of the enemy, a thirst for battle, and victory. These metaphors, often drawn from the harsh nature and nomadic lifestyle of these regions, are extensively used in these poems through similes like lions, leopards, swords, and daggers. In addition to conveying meaning, these metaphors contribute to the rhythm and musicality of the poetry and enhance the martial and heroic spirit. The metaphors employed in these poems primarily refer to the qualities of a prepared and brave warrior, numerous battle experiences, and the grief associated with war. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsConsidering the results of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn:Simile, metaphor, irony, and exaggeration have been among the most used figures of speech in Bakhtiari's and Boyer Ahmadi's epic poems. Simile is one of the most frequent elements and usually is taken from the mountainous environment and people’s livestock and agricultural life. It is mostly sense to sense, which can be attributed to the simple mind of the poets and audience of the poems, orality, recitation, and illiteracy of the singers.Bakhtiari ethnic heroes have been likened to lions and Rostam, and Boyer Ahmadi to wolves, snakes, dragons, and Rostam, and their warrior women to lions and tigers.Rostam and Bahram are among the heroic models that the warriors have been compared to. The high frequency of the words Rostam and Gerz shows that this epic character was a model for Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi warriors.Lions, tigers, wolves, and snakes are among the animals that are used as metaphors in their poems. The presence of these animals in the living places of the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi people and their special role as superior warriors of nature have made them metaphorical in the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi.Ironic expressions used mostly refer to the quality of warriors and their readiness to fight more wars and to be mourners.There has been a great deal of exaggeration regarding the description of ethnic heroes to show the glory and awe of their fighting.
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