تبیین نقش آسمان در فضای معماری با بازخوانی آن در اشعار شاعران برجسته ایرانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آسمان، یکی از مظاهر طبیعت و به عنوان محل نزول برکات، همواره مورد توجه انسان ها بوده است. تأثیر آسمان بر ابعاد مادی، روانی و معنوی حیات انسان، در آثار بسیاری از هنرمندان ازجمله شاعران و معماران بروز کرده است. بر همین اساس، این پژوهش نظری درصدد است با رویکردی کیفی، به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و استدلال منطقی، با شواهدی از منابع کتابخانه ای، به بررسی نقش آسمان و مظاهر تجلی آن در اشعار شاعران برجسته ایرانی و تأثیر آن بر ابعاد جسمی، روانی و معنوی انسان و همچنین به بررسی میزان و نوع حضور و تجلی آسمان در اشعار برخی شعرا بپردازد. همچنین این پژوهش درپی یافتن پاسخی برای این پرسش است که صور ذهنی آسمان در اشعار شعرای برجسته، بیشتر بر کدام جنبه حیات انسان اعم از مادی، روانی و معنوی تأکید داشته و نمود آن در فضای معماری به چه صورت بوده است. یافته ها نشان می دهد که شعرای برجسته قرون ششم تا هشتم هجری قمری ازجمله انوری، خاقانی، سعدی، مولانا و حافظ، در برخی اشعار خود، ضمن تأکید بر نقش آسمان در تأمین نیازهای انسان، از بُعد مادی، روانی و معنوی، به نقش آسمان در یکی از این ابعاد، توجه و تأکید بیشتری داشته اند. همچنین نتیجه پژوهش نشان از آن دارد که در اشعار شعرای برجسته، بُعد معنوی آسمان نسبت به بعد مادی و روانی، بالاترین سهم را در تأمین نیازهای انسان به خود اختصاص داده است و معماران نیز همانند شعرا، علاوه بر توجه به نیازهای مادی و روانی انسان، نیازهای معنوی او را به واسطه حضور و تجلی آسمان در فضای معماری، مورد توجه قرار داده اند.Explaining the Role of the Sky in the Architectural Space by Reading It in the Poems of Prominent Iranian Poets
The sky, one of the manifestations of nature and as the place where blessings descend, has always been of interest to humans. The effect of the sky on the material, psychological and spiritual aspects of human life has been revealed in the works of many artists, including poets and architects, and based on this, this theoretical research aims to investigate the role of the sky and its manifestations in the poems of prominent Iranian poets and its influence. on the physical, mental and spiritual dimensions of man, by examining the amount and type of the presence and manifestation of the sky in the poems of some poets with a qualitative approach, in a descriptive-analytical way and logical reasoning with evidence from library sources, to answer the question that the mental images of the sky in Which aspect of human life, material, psychological and spiritual, have the poems of prominent poets emphasized the most, and how has it been manifested in the architectural space? The findings show that prominent poets of the 6th to 8th centuries of AH, including Anuri, Khaqani, Saadi, Rumi and Hafez, in some of their poems, while emphasizing the provision of human needs by the sky from the material, psychological and spiritual dimensions, the role of the sky in one of these Dimensions have had more attention and emphasis. As a result, just as in the poems of prominent poets, the spiritual dimension of the sky, compared to the material and psychological dimension, has assigned the highest share in meeting the needs of man, architects, like poets, in addition to paying attention to the material and psychological needs of man, also consider his spiritual needs. also provided by the presence and manifestation of the sky in the architectural space.
1. Introduction
The presence of natural phenomena in Persian literature has been the first and most influential source of the effervescent and tangible writings and poems of writers and poets of this country. The gentle soul of poets and writers has flourished in these natural manifestations in various subjects and has been exhibited in their works. Examining this issue shows the importance of the presence of natural phenomena, including the sky, which is the subject of this research, in the poetry and literature of Iran. On the other hand, man, as a being surrounded by his surroundings, is forced to live in a self-made environment, in order to create comfort and peace in it, he needs the presence or manifestation of the same natural manifestations in the structure of his living space. Therefore, if we examine the correlation between the two arts of poetry and architecture from the past to the present, in a back and forth cycle, we can acknowledge that poetry expresses the environmental realities in a mental way and architecture can be the ground for the presence and manifestation of mental images into objective images for Responding to human needs from the material, psychological and spiritual dimensions. One of the natural manifestations, which is sometimes used in real form and sometimes as a manifestation or symbol in poems and literature, is the sky. Many poets have mentioned the theme of the sky in different dimensions in their poems, among them the poems of Anuri, Khaqani, Molana, Hafez, Saadi and some other poets have been analyzed due to the diversity of the use of the word sky and its derivatives, and they are trying to answer this question. It shows how the mental images of the sky in the poems of the ancient poets have been reflected in the objectification of the presence and manifestation of the sky in architectural works and can have an effect on the material, psychological and spiritual spheres of man.
2. Research Method
The current research is a theoretical research with a qualitative approach: to understand the phenomena from a holistic and all-round perspective (Groot and Wang 1386: 14), in a descriptive, analytical and logical reasoning manner, the quality and quantity of the presence of the sky in some of the poems of the ancient poets. The view of the effect of the presence of the sky on meeting the needs of Maslow's pyramid has been evaluated in three areas: material, psychological and spiritual. In this way, by selecting poems from advanced poets such as Anuri, Hafez, Khaqani, Saadi, Ferdowsi and Rumi who have the highest use of the word sky in their poems, the views of the mentioned poets regarding the material, psychological and spiritual dimensions and areas with The subgroup of Maslow's pyramid is examined and the degree of responsiveness of the sky to human needs is weighted. It should be mentioned that due to the wide range of synonyms or metaphors of the sky that were mentioned at the beginning of the theoretical foundations of the research, in this research, in the mental part of the poems, only the word sky was evaluated and in the objectification of the existence of the sky in architecture, Analogous words from the sky such as circle, dome, moqrans and congress are used.
3. Discussion
The sky, which in Persian poetry and literature has various forms, such as a wheel, a circle, a revolving dome, a silver porch, an enamel umbrella, a gold-plated umbrella, a lapis lazuli cup, a fantasy lantern, a rotating lantern, a lapis lazuli cage, a lapis lazuli bend, lapis lazuli lapis lazuli, a pelvis Emerald, Janstan Dome, Hanging Bahr, Lapis Lazuli Orb, Abgun Umbrella, Turquoise Throne, Blue Shade, Lotus Arch, Tasht Ngun, etc. are used (Yaghmai 2018) and "the Persians called him ``Asman'' which means like an ace (mill) ) from the direction of his movement" (Biruni 1387: 58), in the mythic narrative, "the firstborn of creation" (Faranbigh 1369: 39) and the symbol of "his virility and fertility power and his marriage with the mother of the earth" (Zamardi 1382: 5) . Also, Asman is the name of the twenty-seventh day of every solar month in ancient Iran (Moin 1386: 46) and according to them, "Asman" is a very holy day, and if a child is born on this day, his footsteps will be auspicious and as the saying goes. Ferdowsi: "The mist of Bahman and the sky was day / that my fortune was victorious with this letter" (Yaghmai 2018). Through historical and mythological study, it becomes clear that the attributes and characteristics that poets attribute to the sky are not only derived from poetic taste and from the category of metaphor; Rather, all of them are rooted in very old beliefs that have been carried over by language and reached these poets and have been reflected in their poetry (Rezaei and Khatami 2015: 76). The representation of the sky in art, including poetry, can express the effect of its existence on human health from a physical, mental, and spiritual point of view and show the importance of the presence or manifestation of the sky in the space of human life. To prove this issue more precisely, two views have been overlapped, one is the western view based on Maslow's pyramid of needs and the other is the Islamic view based on human areas. In Maslow's pyramid, there is a hierarchy based on which the meaning of each level is limited to higher levels (Safaeipour et al. 1392: 15). Since many schools of thought only emphasize on the material aspects and as a result on the material needs of man, and such thoughts classify the needs of man into different degrees, they consider the condition of feeling the need of man to each level (higher levels) to satisfy the needs of the lower level (Naghizadeh 2011: 39) ), to complete that view, all three areas of human existence, including the material, mental and spiritual areas, have been considered. In the same way, by examining both views in many works of poets, according to the tables presented, the sky has a material attitude towards the sky, referring to the physiological and security needs. It is also seen in the poems of many old poets, considering the psychological aspect of the sky, in terms of providing security, social and respect needs. And finally, the spiritual sky is seen in the works of many ancient poets by motivating people for individual respect, social respect, self-esteem and self-realization and communicating with the upper world to meet all material and spiritual needs. On the other hand, the manifestations of the sky in Persian poetry and architecture can also be seen in the form of words and symbols such as circle, congress, moqrans, dome.
4. Conclusion
The sky, since the beginning of man, has always been a manifestation of mystery and in all religions, myths of nations and the attitude of primitive man to contemporary man, it is a manifestation of boundlessness and power. This attitude has explained the sky in non-religious and non-mythical experience as a mysterious and inaccessible subject and for religious experience or mythological beliefs, in addition to the mentioned cases, it is a sacred subject and the place of gods. By examining the role of the sky and its manifestations in the poems of ancient poets and its vital impact on the human psyche, Table 5, which shows the weighting of the presence of the sky in Iranian poems from the perspective of material, psychological and spiritual fields, by examining the mental and objective symbols of the sky, It explains the amount of presence of the sky in the material and physical sphere, 31% and in the provision of the mental sphere, similar to the material sphere, 31% and in the provision of the spiritual sphere, 38%. Among the poets, Anwari and Ferdowsi paid the most attention to the material and psychological aspect of the sky, and Rumi has the most spiritual view of the sky. As a result, Iranian architects based on the poets' mental images of the sky, the material, psychological and spiritual presence and manifestation of the sky respectively through the frame of the sky in courtyards, porches, congresses, moqrans and domes, from the lowest levels of human needs based on Maslow's pyramid. That is, they have portrayed the physiological need to its highest level, i.e. self-actualization. It is also suggested that, considering the importance of the presence of the sky in human life, topics such as: the relationship between the presence of the sky in the architectural space and contemporary poems, the effect of words synonymous with the sky in the poems on the formation of the idea of designing signs of the manifestation of the sky in architecture, should be investigated in future researches.
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