السلاسل المعجمية الدلالية للخطبة رقم 190 و210 من نهج البلاغة على أساس نظرية ساكسنا (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
علم الدلاله فرع من فروع علم اللغه، یهتم بدراسه المعنى من خلال العلامات اللغویه وغیر اللغویه. ومن أهمّ فروعها هو الدلاله الإحصائیه. ومن أهمّ وأحدث مجالاتها هی السلسله المعجمیه. وهی تشتمل على مجموعه من الکلمات فی علاقه تماسک معجمی بعضها مع البعض، وبدورها تساعد فی تحدید النصّ، وتمثیل موضوعه، ومحتواه. تهدف هذه الدراسه إلى محاسبه السلاسل المعجمیه المختلفه للخطبه رقم 190 و210 من نهج البلاغه، وفقاً لنظریه ساکسنا لحساب أهمیه السلاسل المعجمیه، وفائدتها حسب العلاقات الدلالیه بین المفردات؛ ومن ثمّ، ندرس کیفیه دلاله أهمّها على الغرض الأصلی من إیراد الخطبتین المختارتین من قبل الإمام علی (8)، وذلک خلال المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، مستمدّین من المنهج الإحصائی. تدلّ نتائج البحث على أنّ هناک 65 سلسله معجمیه للخطبه رقم 190، وأن علاقه الترادف (40%)، والاشتمال (34%) هما أکثر استخداماً فیها؛ وأن هناک 34 سلسله معجمیه للخطبه رقم 210، وأن علاقه الترادف (35%)، والتضاد (35%)، والاشتمال (24%) هی أکثر استخداماً فی هذه الخطبه. مضافاً إلى ذلک، 4.6% من السلاسل المعجمیه للخطبه رقم 190، و5.9% من السلاسل المعجمیه للخطبه رقم 210 هی السلاسل المعجمیه القویه. واستخدام المفردات الدالّه على العلم والمعلّم فی الخطبه رقم 210، یتلاءم مع موضوع ذکر لها محمد دشتی، وهو علمی؛ لکن البیانات والمفردات التی لها أهمّ دور فی تحدید المضامین الأصلیه للخطبه رقم 190، والتی تدلّ على الخوف من عذاب اللّٰه، وکذلک شدّه نار جهنم، وکیفیه حرقها، إلى جانب جزاء الأعمال الصالحه فی الجنه، وقرب یوم القیامه، کلها تدلّ على أنّ موضوع الخطبه اعتقادی، أخلاقی، خلافاً لما ذکر دشتی فی کتابه، وقام بتحدید موضوع اعتقادی، أخلاقی، عسکری لها.Semantic Lexical Chains of the Sermons No. 190 and 210 of Nahj Al-Balaghah Based on Saxena’s Theory
Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of texts. With the development of new rhetoric and the use of different sciences for the analysis of literary texts including computational linguistics, and natural language processing, researchers and semantic experts tried to use these sciences to examine the relationship between words used in the texts. Therefore, for the first time, in the second half of the 20th century, the branch of Statistical Semantics was created, which analyzes the text, using artificial intelligence and statistical methods, and provides us with information about its theme and content.Lexical chains derived from the research in the area of textual cohesion in linguistics were put forward by Halliday and Hasan first in 1976. It is a kind of external behavior of the continuity of semantic relations between words and has a corresponding relationship with the structure of the text, providing important clues about the structure and theme.In fact, a lexical chain is a sequence of related words (Wei et al., 2014, p. 2266) that represents the repeated occurrence of a single word or of several closely related words over the course of some fraction of a document and provides a representation of the lexical cohesive structure of the text (Morris & Hirst, 1991), and captures the cohesion that a person consciously or unconsciously follows when s/he writes or talks (Adarve et al., 2007, p. 4).Generally, lexical chains are one of the newest branches of statistical semantics, which are often used to summarize texts and discover keywords. In English texts, the semantic relations for extracting the lexical chains of the text are obtained by referring to the WordNet network. In Persian texts, these relations are obtained by using the Farsnet network. Regarding the Arabic language, there is a network called Arabic Wordnet (AWN), but some experts believe that it is not comprehensive, and it is necessary to make some corrections and changes to it. The most important semantic relations defined in these networks are Synonym, Antonym, Identity, Hyponymy, Co-Hyponymy, Meronymy, and Co-Meronymy.Saxena and Saxena (2016) has defined the way of scoring lexical chains, and the effective factors in it as follows:After making the lexical chains, we should score them. For scoring, this algorithm applied some formulas. The formulas are:Length (LC) = total number of the particular chain members The significance of the chain (LC) specifies how randomly a lexical chain is present in the document: Where:“Sig” means the significance of the lexical chain in the document, “LC” is the lexical chain, “D” is the document, and “l” is each chain in document D. After finding the significance of the chain, it has some numerical values for each chain. Now the Utility of each chain will be found. For Utility, we should find the relation, whether the word “w” belongs to the chain “LC” or not.Related (w, LC) = 1, if they are related= 0, if they are not related Here, the related means whether the word “w” has any semantic relation with the chain L (synonym, Hyponym, etc.). So, Utility specifies the contribution of the lexical chain in the text document: After applying these three formulas to each chain, some numerical value is found which is used for finding the strong chains among them (Saxena & Saxena, 2016, pp. 48-49). Strong chains are those which satisfy Barzilay and Elhadad’s “Strength Criterion” (Barzilay & Elhadad, 1997, p. 6):Score (Chain) > Average (Scores) +2 *Standard DeviationWhere:Average = average of scores of lexical chain (utility of each chain)Standard Deviation = Standard deviation of the utility of each lexical chain.This research investigates the lexical chains of sermons No. 190 and 210 of Nahj al-Balaghah based on Saxena’s theory using the descriptive-analytical method, and according to the semantic relations between the words. The results show that there are 65 lexical chains for sermon No. 190, and the synonymy relationship (40%) and hyponymy (34%) are more used in it. There are 34 lexical chains for sermon No. 210, and the synonymy relationship (35%), antonymy (35%), and hyponymy (24%) are used more in it. The use of words denoting “knowledge” and “teacher” in sermon No. 210 is consistent with the topic “knowledge” mentioned by Dashti, However, the words used in sermon No. 190 indicate that its topic is about belief and morality, contrary to what “Dashti” mentioned in his book.
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