تطبيق نظرية عوالم النص في قصة ثلج آخر الليل لزكريا تامر نموذجاً (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تُعدُّ نظریه عوالم النص، إحدی أدوات اللسانیات المعرفیه التی توفّر للقارئ القدره على دراسه مکونات وبنیه النص والخطاب بدقه، کما تُعد أداه مناسبه للتحلیل الأدبی الحدیث. تمکّن هذه النظریه القارئ من ایجاد إطار دقیق وعلمی للشرح المنهجی وللتفادی من الأوصاف الشخصیه الذوقیه والمتناثره. هذه النظریه عباره عن حدث لغوی، یتضمن مشارکین اثنین على الأقل، بالإضافه إلی تمثیلٍ یتضمن سیاقاً للجمع بین النص والسیاق. هذه الفکره هی إطار لتحلیل الأدب فی ثلاثه عوالم مختلفه ومترابطه. تطرح فی تلک العوالم، ثلاث مستویات: فالأول هو عالم الخطاب الذی یتناول المشارکین فی الخطاب والعوامل المؤثره فیه؛ والعالم الثانی هو عالم النص، یشتمل على عناصر بناء العالم، والتی تتضمن فی حد ذاتها مکونات الزمان، والمکان، والشخصیه، والأشیاء، ومقترحات توسیع الأدوار؛ والعالم الأخیر، تحت عنوان العوالم الفرعیه، یشمل العالم المرجعی، والعالم الموقفی، والعالم المعرفی. ونوقش البحث بالمنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، بالطریقه المعرفیه، ومن منظور فیرث بشأن نظریه عوالم النص، مبیناً هذه العوالم الثلاثه فی قصه ثلج آخر اللیل القصیره من مجموعه ربیع فی الرماد، للکاتب السوری، زکریا تامر، وتوصل إلى استنتاج، مفاده أنّه فی سیاق عالم الخطاب، تمّ تشکیل هذا العالم، بناءً على معتقدات، وقناعات، ومشاعر الشخصیات الأربعه فی القصه، وهم یوسف، وأبوه، وأخته، وأمه. والمستوی الثانی، هو عالم النص، تمّ إنشاؤه بناءً على عناصر بناء العالم ومفترحات توسیع الأدوار التی تکون فی الغالب بصیغه الماضی ولتوسیع الحبکه. والمستوی الأخیر، أی العوالم الفرعیه، فقد لوحظ أنّ ترداد العوالم الموقفیه للرغبه وعوالم الأهداف مرتفع، وقد تمّ استیعابها وتضمینها فی عالم النص الرئیس.Application of the Theory of Text Worlds in Short Stories (A Case Study of Zakaria Tamer's Late-Night Snow Story)
‘Text Worlds Theory’ not only focuses on the study of the entire text but also examines the structures surrounding the production and interpretation of the text. When people communicate with each other, they visualize scenes, spaces, and worlds in their minds. Text Worlds Theory, as a cognitive stylistic approach, aims to cover what literary text creators achieve with language and believes in readers’ understanding of literary texts with a hierarchical three-layered structure. It posits that each discourse consists of a ‘Discourse World’ where communication takes place, a ‘Text World’ where mental representations of participants are portrayed, and a third layer called ‘Sub-Worlds’ which delves into the concepts and ideologies governing the text in the context of three sub-worlds.The main question in this study is whether Text Worlds Theory can contribute to a better understanding of the text and whether this theory can provide a tool for analyzing the text's impact on the reader, addressing other questions such as:1) Which narrative elements of the story Late Night Snow can be identified using Text Worlds Theory?2) How does identifying these elements assist in interpreting different textual worlds in the mentioned story? This approach falls within the realm of new areas in the framework of cognitive studies related to literature, encompassing both text and mind. Text Worlds Theory consists of three conceptual layers: Discourse World, Text World, and Sub Worlds, which are briefly explained below: Discourse World: This layer essentially forms a situational context or immediate context of a situation; its elements include perceptions of the immediate situation, beliefs and knowledge, memories, hopes, dreams, intentions, and analysis of discourse participants.Text World: Through the interaction of text participants with language, the Text World is formed. It consists of a conceptual space created by discourse participants and the formation of text based on mental constructs through world-building elements and function-advancing propositions. Time, place, characters, and objects constitute world-building elements while function-advancing propositions accelerate the narrative process by representing actions, events, etc.Sub-Worlds: Beliefs and perspectives of characters are created in the Sub-Worlds and are generally divided into three categories:Deictic Sub-World: The three elements of time, place, character, and object determine a referential sub-world.Attitudinal Subsumed Worlds: In this world, three areas of conceptual activity called want worlds, worlds of beliefs, and intend worlds are active.Epistemic Sub-Worlds: The third layer of Sub-Worlds is the epistemic sub-world, which the Text World is capable of representing in terms of possibility and probability.The methodology of this qualitative, descriptive-analytical research employs a cognitive linguistic approach with the perspective of Paul Werth (1999). Various elements of this short story have been selected and analyzed from the perspective of text worlds. The discourse participants include the readers of this story, who are the researchers, located at home, and the creator of this story, Zakaria Tamer, with a temporal and spatial distance between the writer and its contacts. Among the influential factors on discourse, the background knowledge of the contacts and the beliefs, memories, and aspirations of this Arabic-speaking writer are mentioned. As a result, the narrative elements of the story are aligned with the narrative construction; from the confined space of the train compartment to the open space of disembarking and a train that travels around, symbolizing distant futures. Therefore, the narrative construction of the story revolves around the spatial and temporal signs, characters, and objects that make up the story's space.In this short story, the function advancing propositions are mostly at the service of constructing and spreading the narrative plot, and their text type is mostly narrative, and the document type in it is of the executive type. The narrator in this short story, through the Deictic Sub-World, immerses the contacts in the sub-world and provides the potential for information about the characters, which is deleted in this possibility. In this short story, the frequency of attitudinal sub-worlds has been internalized with belief and want worlds, and the epistemic world of this story is more about possibility and probability, inciting and internalizing for the near future.Text world theory is one of the tools of cognitive linguistics that enables a detailed examination of the components and structure of a text and discourse for the reader, serving as a suitable instrument for modern literary analysis. In discerning the discourse world layers, we observe how the story unfolds based on the interactions, beliefs, and emotions of the four main characters: Joseph, his sister, his father, and his mother. The next layer, synonymous with the Text World Theory, embedded sub-worlds the text worlds of smaller characters such as the father, sister, and mother within Joseph's text world, each containing a significant number of world-building elements. This convergence of all these elements within various text worlds of different characters influences the story. At the recent level, namely the sub-worlds, Joseph's behaviors and memories intertwine with those of his sister, with the presence of many sub-worlds aligned with the text world aiding in the reader's comprehensive understanding of the text. Consequently, through the utilization of this theory, one can examine the presence of various narrative worlds.
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