تحليل الأفعال الكلامية في سورة النور علی ضوء نظرية جان سيرل (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تعد نظریه الفعل الکلامی من الاتجاهات التداولیه التی تضع السیاق الخارجی للنص فی خانه اهتماهها فی تحلیل الخطاب الذی یولّده المؤلف؛ وذلک للکشف عن مقصدیته التی أراد إیصالها إلی المتلقّی. وعلی المتلقی أنْ یأخذ هذا الأمر (السیاق الخارجی) بعین الاعتبار، لإدراک أحسن للنصّ. وهذا من إنجازات هذه النظریه التی قد أسّسها أوستین، وقد وسّعها ونظّهما جان سیرل؛ وذلک بتتبع دراسات أستاذه أوستین. المقال یعالج آیات سوره النور المبارکه التی تتناول عده موضوعات، أهمّها قضیه (الإفک) التی تحذّر منها؛ وذلک بسبب العقوبات التی تعقب الکاذبین فی هذا الأمر. هذا المقال منهجه الوصفی – التحلیلی، بحیث قد اتخذ نظریه الفعل الکلامی أسلوباً لتحلیل آیات سوره النور المبارکه. یهدف المقال إلی دراسه آیات سوره النور المبارکه، وفق النظریه المذکوره، للکشف عن المعانی الضمنیه للمتکّلم فی کلامه، ویییّن أن السیاق الخارجی للنصّ له تأثیر ملحوظ فی فهم المتلقی. من النتائج التی توصّل إلیها المقال، وذلک وفق تطبیقه نظریه الأفعال الکلامیه علی آیات السوره المذکوره، علی ضوء تقسیم سیرل للأفعال الکلامیه، أنّ المتکلّم وظّف فعلی الکلامی الإخباری والتوجیهی، حیث بیّن مکانه المفترین فی الآخره، والنظام الطبیعی للعالم، وخلق اللیل والنهار، وحاله الأشخاص المتظاهرین بالإیمان، وخصائص المؤمنین وإبلاغ الخبر للانسان من حیث علمه بأعمالهم، وذلک من خلال الفعل الکلامی الإخباری، والأمر بإقامه الصلاه، وأداء الزکاه، وإطاعه نبیّه (|)، ونهی المؤمنین عن الأفکار التی تسبّب الشک فی قدره اللّٰه تعالى. وأما وفقاً للموقف الخارجی، فالأهداف الکلامیه الضمنیه للمتکلّم تختزل فی الأفعال الکلامیه الالتزامیه والتوجیهیه والتعبیریه والإعلانیه، وهذا تمّ کشفه عن طریق مقام النصّ؛ فإنّ الآلیات اللغویه المستخدمه من جانب المتکلّم تتناسب تماماً مع أهدافه، وهذا مؤشّر على معرفته بالموقف الکلامی والبلاغه بأکمله. وفقاً لتحلیل الآیات، أنّ نسبه استخدام الفعل الکلامی التوجیهی هی الأکثر بالنسبه للأفعال الکلامیه الأخرى، کما أنَّ الموقف الکلامی للآیات المنوره قد ساعد بشکل ملحوظ فی الوصول إلى ما قاله المتکلّم ضمنیّاً، وهو الأمر الذی یُعدّ الأساس فی نظریه الفعل الکلامی.Analyzing Speech Acts in Surah An-Nur Using John Searle's Theory
Speech act theory, a significant branch of pragmatics, emphasizes the importance of the external context surrounding a text to analyze the author's discourse and uncover the intended meaning behind it. This theory posits that the audience must consider this contextual backdrop to fully grasp the nuances of the text, which represents a crucial advancement in understanding communication. Originally introduced by philosopher J. L. Austin, the theory was later refined and expanded by his student, John Searle.In this research, speech act theory is applied to the verses of Surah An-Nur, which addresses critical issues such as ‘The Event of Ifk’ and warns against the dangers of slander, highlighting its severe repercussions. By employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study aims to reveal the underlying meanings conveyed by the speaker and to illustrate how the external context significantly influences the audience's comprehension of the text.The application of speech act theory to Surah An-Nur allows for a deeper exploration of the speaker's intentions and the implications of their words. The research investigates how the external context informs the interpretation of the verses, revealing hidden meanings that may not be immediately apparent. By analyzing the speech acts present in these verses, the study seeks to demonstrate the intricate relationship between language, context, and meaning.Furthermore, the findings indicate that the speaker employs various speech acts, including assertive and directive acts, to convey messages about the consequences of slander and the importance of moral integrity. This approach not only enhances the understanding of the text but also underscores the relevance of speech act theory in interpreting religious and literary texts. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader discourse on communication by illustrating how context shapes meaning and understanding in both sacred and secular texts.The findings of this research, based on the application of speech act theory to the verses of Surah An-Nur and Searle's classification of speech acts, provide significant insights into the communicative functions of the text. The speaker primarily employs two types of speech acts (assertive and directive) to convey crucial messages regarding the fate of slanderers in the Hereafter, the natural order of the universe, the creation of night and day, the condition of unbelievers, the attributes of believers, and the omniscience of human actions.Through assertive speech acts, the speaker articulates statements about the consequences of slander, emphasizing the moral and ethical implications of such behavior. This approach not only informs the audience about the repercussions of their actions but also reinforces the importance of truthfulness and integrity within the community.In addition, the speaker utilizes directive speech acts to command the audience to engage in specific actions, such as performing prayers, paying zakat, and following the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. These directives serve to guide the audience's behavior and encourage adherence to religious obligations, thereby fostering a sense of community and shared values.Moreover, the speaker discourages doubt in the power of God, reinforcing the idea that faith and trust in divine authority are essential for spiritual well-being. This aspect of the discourse highlights the relationship between belief and action, suggesting that a strong faith can lead to positive behavioral outcomes.Overall, the study illustrates how the external context of the verses significantly influences the audience's understanding and interpretation. By analyzing the speech acts employed in Surah An-Nur, this research underscores the effectiveness of speech act theory as a framework for examining religious texts, revealing the intricate connections between language, meaning, and social context. Ultimately, the findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of how religious discourse shapes moral and ethical behavior within the community.The external context of the verses reveals the speaker's implicit verbal objectives through commissive, directive, expressive, and declarative speech acts. These hidden meanings are inferred from the text's context, demonstrating the speaker's linguistic mechanisms aligning perfectly with their goals, indicating a profound understanding of the verbal situation and eloquence. The analysis of the verses shows that the directive speech act is used more frequently than others, highlighting the importance of the verbal situation in uncovering the speaker's hidden meanings, a fundamental principle in speech act theory.
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