بازخوانی پندار «خدازادگی» در عهدین و شیوه رویارویی با آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ترکیب «خدازادگی» به معنای ادعا یا پندار فرزند خدا و از نسل او بودن (نه لزوماً با این لفظ) در برخی از متون کهنِ برجای مانده از تمدن های مختلف بشری و نیز در عهدین و قرآن کریم دیده می شود. این سوابق نشان از منافع و جذابیت هایی دارد که پیوسته در اندیشه بشر وجود داشته و وی برای جذب و جلب آنها به کارهایی مختلف دست یازیده و هر بار با روشی جدید این پندار را زنده نگه داشته است. پژوهش حاضر پندار «خدازادگی» و گونه های «خدازادگان» در عهدین را واکاوی و تبیین کرده است. برای دست یابی به این هدف، ابتدا پیشینه این پندار بررسی شده است و سپس گونه های این فرزندان الوهی معرفی شده اند و در نهایت شیوه مواجهه عهدین با آنها بیان شده است. از این بررسی به دست می آید که چگونه چنین تصوری ابتدا پدید آمده و سپس به تدریج در اذهان رسوب کرده است. همچنین، کتاب مقدس عزمی جدی برای نقض و ابطال چنین پنداری از خود نشان نداده است.Revisiting the Concept of “God-born” in the Testaments and The Manner of Confronting It
The word "God-born" meaning claiming or thinking of being the child of God and being from his generation can be seen in some of the ancient texts left over from different human civilizations, the Testaments and the Holy Quran. These records show the interests and attractions that have been continuously present in human thought. Humans have kept this idea alive every time with a new method. The present research has analyzed the concept of "God-born" and the explanation of the types of "God's Children" in the Testaments. In order to achieve this goal, first the background of this idea has been investigated, then the types of these divine children have been introduced, and finally, the way the Testaments faced them has been stated. The Bible has not shown a serious determination to violate and refute such an idea. Keywords: God-born, the Testaments, "God's Children". Introduction In the Bible, the one God is repeatedly spoken of, and God identifies Himself with attributes such as fulfilling covenants and destroying oppressors, based on which He is pleased with the justice and submission of servants to Himself and becomes angry with their oppression and disobedience. However, alongside this omnipotent and eternal God who is also a source of blessing, the names of some gods and “Godborn” figures appear in the text of the Torah and the Gospels.Regarding the background of this topic, no written text with the title of re-examining or analyzing the concept of “divine birth” was found. In a remotely related study, an article titled The Concept of ‘Children of God’ in the Bible and the Holy Quran (Tofighi, 2011, pp. 73-98) has mentioned verses in which the names of the children of God appear in the Holy Quran and a few translations of the Bible. Two articles titled The Idea of Attributing "Child" and "Birth" to God, and Criticizing its Accessories Based on the Verses of the Qur'an (Shokr et al., 2021) and The Holy Quran and the Alleged Children of God; A Discursive Analysis of the Marginalization of an Old Discourse (Farrahi, 2023) have examined the concept of the children of God and what relates to them in the Holy Quran present the difference between the Quran and the Old and New Testaments on this topic.This research aims to analyze the notion of “divine birth” in the Old and New Testaments and tries to explain the question of what method the Bible has adopted to confront such a notion and deal with God-born. Materials and Methods Relying on an analytical method based on gathering data and referring to library resources, the present study, in addition to finding types of “God-born” figures in the text of the Old and New Testaments, has addressed the background of this notion and stated the method of the Old and New Testaments in dealing with it. For this purpose, first, the historical background of divine birth was examined, and examples of it in ancient civilizations were presented in chronological order. Then, with reference to the text of the Old and New Testaments, the types of God-born figures were identified separately. Considering the belief of Christians that Jesus (AS) is the son of God, this notion was carefully examined. Then, the method that the Old and New Testaments used to face this notion was extracted from their verses.Considering that the Holy Quran also mentions god-born figures, after examining some verses, the divine guidance and educational goals and His method in this regard were determined. Accordingly, after stating the impotence of the gods, the Holy Quran explains the divinity and lordship of God and also provides strategies to deal with the false notion of divine birth, which is not addressed in this research. Research Findings After reviewing various sources, it has been determined that the concept of God having a son dates back to ancient ciilizations, including Mesopotamia, Greece, and Egypt. Divine families, composed of at least three members (father, mother, and child), are very prominent in their mythologies. In the Old Testament, while a mother goddess is not explicitly named, a diverse range of divine offspring are present. In the New Testament, the designation of “Son of God” is primarily associated with Jesus Christ, with this attribution expressed in various ways. It has also been found that the term “Son of God” was first applied to Christ at the Council of Nicaea (325 AD) and subsequently incorporated into Christian doctrine.According to the Gospels, God-born in Christianity holds a profound meaning, signifying the divinity of Jesus and the delegation of all divine authority to him. While the Quran also uses the phrase “Kalimat-u- Allah” (Word of God), it refers to the creation of a phenomenon to indicate God’s sacred essence and does not attribute divinity to a created being. In the four Gospels, no evidence was found to support the divinity of the Holy Spirit (considered the third person of the Trinity in Christianity and held as sacred). However, historical sources reveal traces of trinitarian concepts in ancient civilizations, from Sumer, Egypt, and India to Greece, each showing similarities to the Christian Trinity, though not entirely congruent. In the discussion of the Old and New Testaments’ confrontation with the idea of a divine offspring, the justificatory and reporting nature of the scriptures is evident. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe concept of “divine sonship” has appeared in various forms in people’s minds, prompting them to engage in discussions and actions that this limited research cannot fully explore. The belief in trinitarian gods was prevalent among the earliest human civilizations in the mythologies of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria, and was abundantly represented in the cultures of Greece, Rome, and Egypt. When considering the nature of the Trinity in relation to Jesus (AS), it can be suggested that this belief derives from the teachings of Paul (a disciple of Christ), who was of Greek origin and a pagan before embracing Christianity. However, the texts of the Gospels ultimately indicate a dualistic interpretation.The research has shown that none of the believers in the Old and New Testaments accept a biological son (as commonly understood) for God. Instead, the title of the “sons of God” in the Old Testament is attributed to individuals with exceptional honor and respect or to the children of a servant in relation to their master. Although the title of “Son of God” is not exclusive to Jesus (AS) in the four Gospels, it does have the highest frequency in a single religious text among the world’s major faiths. Interpretations surrounding this claim reveal that most Christians intend to express the prophetic nature of Jesus, his intimate relationship with God, and a special state that grants divine blessings, which also extends to his followers. In the confrontation with this idea in ancient sacred texts, there is no evidence of opposition to divine offspring, and accounts of them are presented in the form of reports. This approach continues in both Testaments, particularly in the New Testament, where, aside from one instance prohibiting the worship of idols, no such expressions are used.
تبلیغات
