درآمدی انتقادی بر مفهوم فره ایزدی؛ ذات یا اکتساب (با تکیه بر مفهوم شاهی آرمانی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بازخوانش مفاهیم بنیادین شاهی آرمانی ایران باستان، ضرورتی انکارناپذیر است. وجه شفاهی تمدن ایران باستان، فربهی اسطوره های ایرانی و انتقال ادیبانه آموزه های باستانی همراه با وجوه استعاره ای، ازجمله موانعی است که خوانش صحیح و شفاف آن مفاهیم بنیادین را با چالش مواجه ساخته است. «فرّه ایزدی» یکی از مفاهیمی است که به دلایل فوق در هاله ای از ابهام است و از طرفی فهم مناسبات سیاسی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی ایران کهن، پیوستگی زیادی با این مفهوم دارد. مفهوم «فرّ» نماد حقانیت قدسی شاهی آرمانی است؛ اما این ویژگی باعث شکل گیری نوعی کج اندیشی درباره این مفهوم و درنهایت سوءفهم در اصل شاهی آرمانی ایران باستان شده است. وجه فرامادی «فرّ» بسیاری را بر آن داشته است تا آن را عطیه ای قدسی تلقی کنند و از وجوه اکتسابی و زمینی آن غفلت ورزند. این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع دست اول نگاشته شده و وجه زمینی و اکتسابی مفهوم فرّ، بررسی و با کاربست روایتی تحلیلی، ضمن بازخوانش این مفهوم در شاهی آرمانی، وجوه اکتسابی آن، برجسته و از این منظر تلاش شده است هیکل نحیف سوبژکتیویته در ایران باستان کمی فربه شود.A Critical Entry to the Concept of Farrah-e Izadi: Essence or Acquisition by Relying on the Concept of Šāhī Ārmānī
Revisiting the fundamental concepts of Šāhī Ārmānī in ancient Iran is essential. The oral traditions of ancient Iranian civilization, the richness of Iranian mythology, and the literary transmission of ancient teachings—often laden with metaphor—have all contributed to the challenges in achieving a clear and accurate understanding of these core concepts. One such concept, Farrah-e Izadi (Divine Glory), remains particularly ambiguous due to these factors. Furthermore, grasping the political, cultural, and social dynamics of ancient Iran is intricately linked to this idea.
Farrah symbolizes the sacred legitimacy of Šāhī Ārmānī. However, this association has led to various misinterpretations, obscuring the original meaning of Šāhī Ārmānī in ancient Iranian thought. The intangible nature of Farrah has caused many to perceive it solely as a divine gift, often overlooking its earthly and acquired dimensions. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing primary sources, explored the earthly and acquired aspects of the concept of Farrah. Through an analytical narrative, it sought to reinterpret this concept within the framework of Šāhī Ārmānī, emphasizing its acquired dimensions and aiming to strengthen the nuanced understanding of subjectivity in ancient Iran from this perspective.
Keywords: Farrah, Šāhī Ārmānī, Ancient Iran, Avesta.
Introduction
A review of interpretations surrounding the concept of Farrah-e Izadi reveals that many scholars and historians view it primarily as a divine force. This perspective suggests that when bestowed by the dove of fortune, Farrah grants an individual the legitimacy to rule. However, such a narrow interpretation risks undermining the importance of moral values, political virtue, and agency in ancient Iran. While this viewpoint has often been predominant, the present study critically examined the concept of Farrah, challenging this prevailing notion through an analytical lens. This research sought to answer two central questions: 1) What is Farrah-e Izadi? and 2) Is a king's possession of Farrah solely a matter of divine will (innate), or must the individual also create the necessary conditions (acquired)? Although Farrah-e Izadi is frequently referenced in the Avesta, Bundahišn, Dēnkart, and other Pahlavi texts, there is no explicit mention of the concept as being acquired. Despite numerous studies addressing Farrah, most researchers have concentrated on defining the term and exploring its various dimensions, often overlooking the distinction between innate and acquired Farrah. This study aimed to investigate this crucial aspect by drawing on primary sources and related research.
Materials & Methods
This study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology alongside a critical approach to examine primary sources, including Pahlavi, Avestan, and Old Persian inscriptions, as well as relevant later texts. The aim was to investigate the earthly and acquired dimensions of the concept of Farrah. By utilizing an analytical narrative, the research sought to reinterpret this concept within the semantic framework of Šāhī Ārmānī with particular emphasis on reevaluating its acquired aspects.
Research Findings
A key focus of this research was the relationship among wisdom, Farrah, and Šāhī Ārmānī within the political philosophy of ancient Iran. This study posited that, in ancient Iranian thought, the source of all goodness and the bestowal of Farrah resided within the individual. Therefore, Farrah was viewed as a consequence of virtues rather than their origin. Given that aspects of wisdom in ancient Iranian thought were considered acquired and that the manifestation of wisdom in a king was essential, it could be inferred that the concept of Farrah-e Izadi within Šāhī Ārmānī encompassed an acquired dimension. According to ancient Iranian teachings, wisdom existed in two forms: first, innate wisdom, which was inherent to all individuals, and second, acquired wisdom, which was cultivated through piety and personal experience. From this perspective, a comprehensive understanding of wisdom in Šāhī Ārmānī required considering both the innate and acquired aspects of Farrah. Another significant topic addressed in this research was the connection between Farrah and Xwēškārīh (duty). This concept emphasized that every individual, regardless of social class or status, had to fulfill the responsibilities associated with their position. Xwēškārīh signified a commitment to one’s duty, ensuring that everyone recognized their role and acted accordingly. In this context, Farrah served as a stabilizing force: those who honored their duties were endowed with Farrah.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
Based on the analyses presented in this research, it could be concluded that while Farrah possessed an otherworldly and spiritual essence, its meaning shifted to an acquired one when viewed through the lens of individual agency. The crucial factor lay in the individual's capacity to choose between good and evil or light and darkness, which in turn attracted divine and spiritual influences, such as Farrah. This perspective underscored the active and central role that ancient Iranians attributed to individuality. The ideal king portrayed as the epitome of kingship in Iran was depicted as a person imbued with all virtues, who, through these qualities, had succeeded in garnering divine favor. According to a fundamental principle linking Farrah to virtuous and dutiful individuals, this king became endowed with Farrah and thus deserving of rule. This notion was so deeply ingrained that it persisted even after the advent of Islam in Iran and neighboring regions, manifesting in concepts, such as the "shadow of God" (Zell-Allah) across various ruling dynasties, including the Umayyads, Fatimids, Abbasids, and Ottomans. This provided these rulers with a potent means of legitimizing their authority. Regardless of historical evaluations, the concept of the acquired nature of Farrah-e Izadi—implying the selection of a reformer for governance—reflected the grandeur and sophistication of ancient Iranian thought.
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